The Holocaust During World War II - 1356 Words

During World War II, the world witnessed unspeakable acts of violence, particularly that of the Holocaust. The Holocaust was a mass genocide primarily of, but not limited to, the Jewish population in Germany, and other countries that were controlled by Germany. From 1941 to 1945, the Jews were targeted and methodically murdered because of Hitler’s views of his Utopian society made up of an Aryan a race. Hitler fought to create this society through creating an anti-Semitic movement, his motivation and thirst for power and through his rituals of violence used to purge society of the undesirable races. Anti-Semitism, or the hatred of the Jewish people, has been prominent throughout history, even long before the Holocaust during World War II. Stemming from biblical times, the Jews were often ridiculed for wanting to remain a separate religion, refusing to adopt the belief system of the non-Jewish community (ADL.org). Not only that, the early Christians, both Catholic and Protestan t believed that the Jews were single-handedly responsible for the death of Jesus Christ (â€Å"Anti-Semitism: The Longest Hatred†). Though anti-Semitism has been featured throughout history, the term was not coined until 1879 by the radical German writer and politician, Wilhelm Marr (Chanes, xvii). This term was originally used to replace â€Å"Jew-hatred,† which was associated with the Christian hostility toward the Jews; the term had become outdated and did not fit the â€Å"modern, pseudoscientific, nationalist,Show MoreRelatedThe Holocaust During World War II1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Holocaust was an event that took place from 1933 to 1945 in Germany. During this time, Adolf Hitler was in charge, resulting in the prejudice actions that are well written in history. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee, but found few countries wanting to take them in. Eventually, under Hitler’s leadership, some 6 mill ion Jews were murdered during World War II. In this time period the Nazi’s waged a war against the Jews and other races thatRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II927 Words   |  4 Pagesshaped the world into what it is today. With the passing of yet another Veterans Day, people were reminded of the extraordinary sacrifices made by ordinary men and women who were unfortunate enough to have lived during times when their nations were at war. Many ordinary citizens lost their lives as a result of the war, just as soldiers did. While some survivors simply lived out their post war lives, others survived and influenced the world. One person who survived the atrocities of the Holocaust duringRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe holocaust was the genocide of European Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II. It lasted from 1933 to 1945, as a horrible time in history. Approximately 11 million people were killed, and almost 1 milli on of those killed were innocent children. It is well-known that there were a number of survivors, yet not many people know exactly how these people survived. The most known thing about the holocaust are the concentration camps. A concentration camp is defined by, â€Å"a place whereRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1177 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust is well known around the world, and many people do not realize the devastation and the technology that was used in that time. What we knew before was that the Holocaust resulted in the death of six million jews, and was controlled by the Nazi Regime. Adolf Hitler was the dictator of Germany and came up with the Final Solution, a plan to exterminate all the people of Jewish faith or race during World War II. This then brought in the concept of concentration camps. Concentration campsRead MoreThe During World War II And Holocaust897 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many questions as to why the Nazis decided to do what they did to the Jews, gays, and ill during World War II and Holocaust. Nazis after the Holocaust had been interviewed by psychologists, such as Leon Goldensohn and p sychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich, to see and try to better understand the reasons behind Fascism and why these acts were performed. Leon Goldensohn was an American psychiatrist and also one of the prison psychiatrists at Nuremberg that helped perform the interviews on prisonersRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn his novel, Night, Elie Wiesel recounts the horrific experiences that he faced as a survivor of the Holocaust during World War II. The following passage presents the impossible struggle to maintain a decent quality of life in the face of war: We received no food. We lived on snow; it took the place of bread. The days resembled nights, and the nights left in our souls the dregs of their darkness. The train rolled slowly, often halted for a few hours, and continued. It never stopped snowing. We remainedRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II901 Words   |  4 Pagesour elders, because they have authority over the world since they have been here the longest. We were raised to comply with the demand of someone who had authority over us. According to Patricia Werhane (1), â€Å"In the early1960’s Stanley Milgram undertook his noteworthy study of human obedience to authority. Puzzled by the question of how otherwise decent people could knowingly contribute to the massive genocide of the Holocaust during World War II, Milgram designed an experiment that sought to causeRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1934 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Holocaust during World War II, which not only stimulated religious unrest in E urope, but also the rest of the world. With the German Dictator, Adolf Hitler, and his rise to power in 1933, a period of despair and fear for the Jewish population throughout Europe erupted. As Adolf Hitler commenced his plan to build the perfect German race, he set forth the motion of a mass extinction of the Jewish population, known as The Holocaust. The Holocaust lasted from 1933 to the end of World War II and hadRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1720 Words   |  7 PagesIrania De La O Grade 8 The Holocaust Eleven million innocent people died and many did not know what they did or why it was happening to them (Rice 11). The Holocaust happened because of the Germans after World War 2 thought that the reason that their economy was falling down was because of Jewish people. The Holocaust followed the Ladder of Prejudice is a started with speech and moved its way up to â€Å"The Final Solution† also known as extermination. Hitler did not start with killing Jews. He killedRead MoreThe Holocaust And The Nazi Regime During World War II Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Second World War is seen by the modern world to be the most famous war that shaped the communities of the world today, but for the Jewish community in Europe at the time this was the war to fight for their own existence. The Holocaust was the systematic extinction of six million Jews by the Nazi regime during World War 2. Of the millions of Jewish people that lost their lives there were many that did resist and did escape the Nazism and Nazi racial policy that was conducted on the

Canterbury Tales Character Analysis - 1334 Words

The Canterbury Tales is a written work, by Geoffrey Chaucer, that is a representation of the society he lived in. His work portrays the feudal system during the medieval times and how each level of livelihood was a character, whose personalities reflect how Chaucer and his culture view them. During his time, his society regarded the Christian Church as corrupt and manipulative, with a few clergy who are honest and genuine in their exertion. Therefore, the ecclesiastical persona has the dispositions of either being con-men and charlatans or being devout and God-fearing. The other characters portray the themes of the middle ages of greed, prestigious, fraud, barbarity, vengeance and others. This novel consists of stories that illustrate rank†¦show more content†¦Chaucer says this because in his life, friars would work in churches and manipulate and sweettalk donators for the ‘needed’ money that is supposed to be given to the lepers and beggars, and not themselves. â€Å"There was a Friar, a wanton one and merry, a Limiter, a very festive fellow †¦so glib with†¦well-turned speech,† (Chaucer 8). Friars are corrupt and deceive the poor, while flattering the rich, and seducing women disregarding their vows of celibacy. The society views friars as almost dirt since they did what pleased them for they had â€Å"†¦a special license from the Pope,† (Chaucer 9) which is why the Friar’s tale is placed after the Wife of Bath tale, and not sixth, his social rank. The Knight is viewed as the highest in social rank in both status and temperament, while the Friar is ranked sixth socially, but ranked in the lower class in his nature. The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories that represent how the classes are socially ranked, but viewed as lower than what the law has given them, and corresponds with the idea of gender equality and sin. During the medieval ages, women are viewed as a spawn of Eve, who brought sin and death into the world, as a goddess from Heaven, or considered property and in constant need of a man to live and help her family survive. Men are considered as the only means of work, intelligence, religion, and others, with the women having no rights to their own. While the women are considered nothing without a man in their life,Show MoreRelatedCanterbury Tales Character Analysis1988 Words   |  8 Pages The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer, is a collection of tales and prologues of stories told by many characters whilst on a pilgrimage to the city of Canterbury. From religious figures such as nuns, monks and pardoners; to doctors, cooks and millers, this pilgrimage embarked on by many interesting people with stories that range from inspiring to gruesome. A few of the most predominant stories include those of the Prioress, the Summoner, the Wife of Bath, the Miller, and the Reeve. In theseRead MoreCanterbury Tales Character Analysis981 Words   |  4 PagesUpon first reading of the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, the reoccurring theme of social status is not blatantly obvious. Upon further reading, however, it becomes apparent that it in fact plays large role in most of the aspects of the tales. In both the Wife of Bath’s Tale and the Nun’s Priest Tale, social status plays a role in the plot, characters, and themes in order to more effectively portray the messages Chaucer is trying to get across. The underlying theme addressing social statusRead MoreCanterbury Tales Character Analysis997 Words   |  4 Pageslanguage of the common people (Morrison). The Wife’s knowledge of the three languages grants her access to the forms of power that patriarchy denies to women, establishing her character as an authoritative female through the authentication of English as a literary language. In the dissertation â€Å"Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales: Rhetoric and Gender in Marriage,† Andrea Marcotte analyzes Chaucer’s usage of ethos to grant the Wife authority in her male-dominated culture. Marcotte argues that the WifeRead MoreCanterbury Tales Character Analysis1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe Canterbury Tales, penned by Geoffrey Chaucer gives its audiences insight on the corruption that exists to this day in humanity. As you read through the chapters Chaucer reveals the dark sides to supposedly respectable people such as the Summoner, along with people he favors like the Knight, the Wife of Bath, and women in general. His comical descriptions and stories that coincide with each character express his thoughts on real people in his society. My perception of the Summoner’s tale moralRead MoreCanterbury Tales Character Analysis1457 Words   |  6 Pages The Canterbury Tales introduces a group of very interesting characters from different walks of life. These characters can fall into different groups, and these groups show society was divided up in the 14th century. The descriptions of these characters give an idea on how these groups worked. How were people ranked in social status? Were certain people more corrupt than others? Which characteristics caused the people to be sorted into the group they are in? These questions are answered by the differentRead More Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales1623 Words   |  7 Pages Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is Geoffrey Chaucers greatest and most memorable work. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer uses a fictitious pilgrimage [to Canterbury] as a framing device for a number of stories (Norton 79). In The General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer describes in detail the pilgrims he meets in the inn on their way to Canterbury. Chaucer is the author, but also a character and the narrator, and acts likeRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales : An Analysis Of Medieval Life By Geoffrey Chaucer939 Words   |  4 PagesCanterbury Tales: An Analysis of Medieval Life by Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales is strongly considered one of the greatest works in medieval literature. An admirer of Chaucer, and the author of Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century, H.S. Bennett describes Chaucer’s unique style as, â€Å"No detail was too small for him to observe, and from it he could frequently draw, or suggest, conclusions which would have escaped many.† While The Canterbury Tales was originally intended to be an epic poemRead MoreThe Caterbury Tales, Carmina Burana and The Book of Taliesin722 Words   |  3 PagesChaucer’s Canterbury Tales, to the legendary king and war-hero Arthur of Camelot. The Christian Church was the single most influential institution in society, with the pope taking on a role as the leader of European Christendom and education and intellectual life mostly happening through religious institutions. Through the analysis of compositions written during the Middle Ages, it is observable that significant events influenced the page s of these notable works such as Canterbury Tales, Carmina BuranaRead More Summary and Analysis of The Shipmans Tale (The Canterbury Tales)928 Words   |  4 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Shipmans Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Introduction to the Shipmans Tale: The Host asks the priest to tell a tale, but the Shipman interrupts, insisting that he will tell the next tale. He says that he will not tell a tale of physics or law or philosophy, but rather a more modest story. The Shipmans Tale: A merchant at St. Denis foolishly took a desirable woman for a wife who drained his income by demanding clothes and other fine array to make her appearRead More Analysis of The Canons Yeomans Tale Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Canons Yeomans Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Prologue to the Canons Yeomans Tale: When the story of Saint Cecilia was finished and the company continued on their journey, they came across two men. One of them was clad all in black and had been traveling quickly on their horses; the narrator believes that he must be a canon (an alchemist). The Canons Yeoman said that they wished to join the company on their journey, for they had heard of their tales. The Host asked

Water Source Sustainability Free Essays

There is more than 1. 4 billion cubic kilometres of water on the earth. If divided evenly enough to give every man, woman child 230 million cubic meters. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Source Sustainability or any similar topic only for you Order Now However 98% of that is saltwater and nearly 1% of it is locked as polar icecaps. Less than 1 percent of the Earth’s freshwater is accessible in lakes, rivers, and groundwater aquifers. This vital 1 percent of available freshwater is con- stantly in motion, either flowing in rivers, evaporating and moving around the globe as water vapour, falling from the sky as rain or snow, or filtering slowly through the earth to emerge somewhere else. It is a renewable resource on which we all completely depend upon. It is the genesis and continuing source of all life on earth. The most accessible water is that which flows in river channels or is stored in freshwater lakes and reservoirs. The major portion of the water diverted for human needs is taken from this renewable, readily accessible part of the world’s freshwater resources. Although the total volume of water conveyed annually by the world’s rivers is about 43,000 km3, most of this occurs as floods. The low river flows (base flows) make up only about 19,000 km3. Of this, about 12,500 km3 can be accessed, and present levels of withdrawal accounts for 4000km3. This withdrawal is expected to reach 5000 Km3 per year by the 2025. The demand for freshwater increased six-fold between 1900 and 1995 nearly twice the rate of population growth. One third of the world’s population today already live in countries experiencing medium to high water stress. Water Stress Water stress for a river basin is defined as the water resources available in that basin. The water stress for a country is the summation of water stress for all its river basins. Water stress begins when the withdrawals of water of freshwater rises above 10 percent of renewable resources. Medium to high stress translates as water use that exceeds 20 percent of available water supply. Countries experience high water stress when the ratio of water use to supply exceeds 40 percent. At such levels, their patterns of use may not be sustainable, and water scarcity is likely to become the limiting factor to economic growth. High water stress and unsustainable rates of withdrawal are already being experienced in Central and South Asia, where annual water ithdrawals compared with available water resources are 50 percent or more. In the dry season, water scarcity occurs throughout Asia and the Pacific, and increased rainfall variability as a result of global climate change will worsen this problem. Water scarcity will affect food security throughout Asia and the Pacific. The global population will expand from today’s 6 billion people to almost 8 billion in 2025. By then, more than 80 percent of the world’s population will be living in developing countries. The World Meteorological Organization estimates, assuming the renewable water resources will remain unchanged, that the number of countries facing water stress will increase from 29 today to 34 in 2025. How these countries manage their water resources, and whether they can produce sufficient food for their growing populations while catering to their water needs and preserving natural environments, have important implications. Nearly 70 percent of global freshwater withdrawals are directed toward agriculture, mainly for irrigation. By some estimates (UN 1997), annual irrigation water use will have to increase about 30 percent above present use for annual crop production to double and meet global food requirements by 2025. The industry sector, which accounts for about 22 percent of current freshwater withdrawals globally, is likely to require an increasing share in all regions of the world. In developing countries, where 56 percent of the population will be living in urban areas by 2025, the share of water going toward domestic uses will also need to grow substantially. Asia and Water Asia has the lowest per capita availability of freshwater resources among the world’s continents. The contrasts within the region are stark. Annual freshwater resources (in m3 per capita) reach as high as 200,000 in Papua New Guinea and as low as 2,000 in parts of South Asia and the PRC, and are generally below 20,000 in Southeast Asia. The region’s weather is largely governed by a monsoon climate, which creates large seasonal variations in addition to spatial variation. The two most populous nations in the world, the PRC and India, will have 1. 5 billion and 1. billion people, respectively, by 2025, by which time the availability of freshwater will have dropped to 1,500 m3 per capita in India and 1,800 m3 in the PRC. Many of countries depend heavily on groundwater exploitation to supplement scarce surface water resources. In Bangladesh, groundwater abstraction already represents 35 percent of total annual water withdrawals; in India, 32 percent; in Pakistan, 30 percent; and in PRC, 11 percent. Groundwater overuse and aquifer depletion are becoming serious problems in the intensively farmed areas of northern PRC, India, and Pakistan. In heavily populated cities land is subsiding as groundwater is withdrawn to serve the needs of their growing urban populations, and saltwater intrusion is rendering much of the groundwater unusable. War for Water International conflicts over water are becoming more frequent as competition for available freshwater resources increases. There are 215 international rivers as well as about 300 groundwater basins and aquifers that are shared by several countries. The 1996 treaty signed by Bangladesh and India for managing flows in the Ganges-Brahmaputra system represents a major breakthrough for rational approaches to shared water resources. However, more than 70 water-related flash points have been identified, mainly in Africa, Middle East, and Latin America. Eight countries in Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan, and Viet Nam) rely on international rivers to supply more than 30 percent of their annual water resources. Four of these (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Uzbekistan, and Viet Nam) rely on water from external sources for more than 65 percent of their annual water resources. Making better use of Asia’s shared rivers is an unfinished agenda with potentially large benefits to millions of poor people in the region. However, formulating agreements between sub-regions to enable equitable sharing of resources and better control of trans-boundary pollution has proven to be highly controversial and, in some cases, strongly divisive The reliability of water supplies in the face of such dependence is a key issue when seasonal variations, particularly droughts etc enter the equation. Unsustainable rates of groundwater extraction can only make matters worse. The impact of global climate change, which cannot be determined at this time, will be to increase the overall uncertainty within which water planners operate. Floods and droughts Floods and droughts have always been features of life on earth and have produced some of the worst natural disasters in recorded history. Due to inappropriate land use and land management practices, uncoordinated and rapid growth of urban areas, and loss of natural flood storage wetlands, floods are becoming more frequent. Flooding is the hazard that affects more people than any other associated damage to property and is escalating. Destruction of forest cover has altered the hydrologic cycle and reduced water retention in forest soils. Accompanying soil erosion has permanently stripped fertile topsoil from vast areas, leading to further degradation of river basins and threatening the basis for sustainable natural resource management. Global climate change will have unpredictable but potentially devastating consequences for the hydrologic cycle by changing the total amount of precipitation, its annual and seasonal distribution, the onset of snowmelt, the frequency and severity of floods and droughts, and the reliability of existing water supply reservoirs. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the frequency of droughts could rise by 50 percent in certain parts of the world by 2050. Water Pollution Emerging Asia, published by ADB in 1997, identified water pollution as the most serious environmental problem facing the region. Water pollution exacerbates the problem of water scarcity at local and regional levels by reducing the amount of water available for productive purposes. Water pollution comes from many sources, including untreated sewage, chemical discharges, spillage of toxic materials, harmful products leached from land disposal sites, agricultural chemicals, salt from irrigation schemes, and atmospheric pollutants dissolved in rainwater. The direct disposal of domestic and industrial wastewater into watercourses is the major source of pollutants in developing countries. In Asia and the Pacific, faecal pollution is one of the most serious problems, affecting both surface water and groundwater bodies and leading to a tenacious persistence of such waterborne diseases as cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis. Estimates of the increase in water pollution loads in high growth areas of Asia over the next decades are as high as 16 times for suspended solids, 17 times for total dissolved solids, and 18 times for biological pollution loading. The combined volume of water used and water needed to dilute and flush pollutants is almost equal to the volume of accessible freshwater in the world’s river systems. The development of freshwater resources for human uses has compromised natural ecosystems that depend on these resources for their continued integrity. Freshwater ecosystems, comprising lakes, rivers, and wetlands, have already lost a greater proportion of species and habitat than land or ocean ecosystems. Unrestricted development of surface water and groundwater has altered the hydrologic cycle and threatens the natural functions of deltas and wetlands. Wetlands have been converted to cropland, and rivers that channelled water to estuaries and deltas have dried up. Diminished productive potential, loss of vegetation, increased health risks, and irreversible desecration of aquatic biota are the sad legacy. Water Management Traditionally seen as limitless bounty, water has only recently been recognized as a scarce resource, and only since the 1950s have policymakers begun to espouse the economic and environmental values of water. A consensus is growing among scientists, water planners, governments, and civil society that new policies and approaches will have to be adopted within the next two decades to avoid calamity, and that supply, use, and management of water resources will have to be integrated across sectors and between regions sharing the same source. New projects for dams, water storage, irrigation, drainage, flood protection, and water supply will continue to be needed in many countries where the basic water requirements for people have not yet been met. Lack of effective water policies and institutional arrangements is a pressing issue. Sustainability criteria will predominate in decision making and particular emphasis will be given to environmental and social values. How to cite Water Source Sustainability, Essay examples

The Joy Luck Club 3 Essay Research free essay sample

The Joy Luck Club 3 Essay, Research Paper The joy fortune nine # 8230 ; Mother girl relationship in The Joy Luck Club is a representation of the relentless tensenesss and powerful bonds between female parent and girl in a Chinese- American society. The book illustrates the adversities both the female parent and girls go through in order to delight the other. Besides, it shows the problems the girls face when turning up in two civilizations. This book reveals that most of the clip female parents truly do cognize best. In # 8220 ; Rules of the Game # 8221 ; we see a female parent girl struggle. Waverly # 8217 ; s female parent is ever demoing her off because she is a national cheat title-holder. Waverly takes this as being exploited by her ain female parent because she was raised in a society with more American influence than Chinese. In a Chinese society a adult female # 8217 ; s societal standing is measured by how successful your kids are and besides how good you care for your partner. We will write a custom essay sample on The Joy Luck Club 3 Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of this, Waverly # 8217 ; s female parent self-praises about Waverly # 8217 ; s command of the game of cheat. Throughout all of the Jing-Mei Woo narratives June has to remember all of the memories of what her female parent had told her. She remembers how her female parent left her babes during the war. June # 8217 ; s mother felt that sinc vitamin E she had failed as a female parent to her first babes she had failed as a individual. When she made June take piano lessons June thought that she was seeking to do her become a child prodigy like Waverly, but her female parent did this because she knew it would profit June for the remainder of her life. Because of the decease of her female parent, June was forced to take the topographic point of her female parent in more than merely make fulling her topographic point at the Mah Jong tabular array. The female parent girl tradition was broken because the lost babes were found after the decease of their female parent. June # 8217 ; s trip to China can be seen as the completion of her female parent # 8217 ; s promise to return, honouring her sisters by trying to reassign what she had absorbed from her female parent and her tradition. # 8220 ; And I think, My female parent is right. I am going Chinese # 8221 ; ( Tan 306 ) . This is what June thinks as she crosses into China. Like the Taoist Yin/Yang symbol, June and her female parent have become two of the same thing. The lone difference being their ideas, June with American, her female parent with Chinese. This has kept the mother-daughter tradition alive but has besides weakened it. This happens frequently, but there is ever something that sticks and is passed down from coevals from coevals.

Relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence

Abstract Background: The developmental relationships between child maltreatment, youth violence, and intimate partner violence (IPV) are well documented. However, very few studies document the relationship between child abuse/maltreatment and youth violence as separate entities. In the present study, the relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence is examined in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Method: Using a quasi-experimental design, the present study will examine the conduct/behavior of 14,000 participants drawn from different parts of the United States. Further, the researchers will collect data from three different waves of measurements using three various forms of questionnaires. Subsequently, the data will be analyzed using the STATA SE (Version 9) software application to evaluate the impact of different kinds of child violence on the development and perpetration of youth violence in later stages of lifespan development. Results: Relative to non-victims, the results of the present study are expected to show a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors. Furthermore, it is expected that the percentage probability that abused victims will perpetrate youth violence in the future is expected to be higher than that recorded in previous studies. Conversely, gender differences are also expected in the way males and females respond to different forms of child maltreatment in perpetrating youth violence in later stages of lifespan development. Conclusion: From the study findings, it will be apparent that there is a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors. Introduction Literatur e Review It is certain that many socio-economic risk factors are implicated in the development and progression of youth violence. However, there are relatively few research studies documenting the impact of child maltreatment and abuse on the future perpetuation of youth violence. As a result, the present study takes a closer look into the relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence as separate entities through evaluating the cycle of violence among a specific group of participants right from preschool stage to adolescence. In this way, the study aims at providing insights into youth violence across the lifespan development process in order to inform future programs aimed at designing prevention intervention strategies for violent youth.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Accordingly, most preliminary studies have documented the relationship between child maltreat ment and youth violence in the presence of other factors such as domestic violence and intimate partner violence (IPV), and thus, locking out further investigations into the individual contribution of child maltreatment in the development of youth violence. Here, Fang and Corso (2007, p. 281) examined the development of interrelationships among different forms of child abuse, intimate partner violence (IPV), and youth violence relative to a host other factors such as contextual, family background, and socio-economic factors. The study utilizes data on self-reported incidences among participants drawn from a representative sample at a national level to analyze various developmental relationships between different variables. The study results suggest that relative to non-victims, victims experiencing child abuse/maltreatment demonstrate a higher probability toward engaging in youth violence as they grow. Further, the study notes that the likelihood that abused female children will bec ome violent youth ranges from 1.2% to about 6.6%, and for abused male children, the probability ranges from 3.7% to about 11.9% with variations occurring relative to different forms of child abuse/maltreatment (Fang Corso, 2007, pp. 281-290; ScienceDaily, 2007, p. 1 of 1). However, the study is limited in that it fails to account for the gender differences observed in youth violence among the participants. Further research documents that in the presence of domestic violence and child maltreatment, which are suspected to occur in the same social set up at the same time, there is an increased probability that children raised in violent environments will become violent youth in future (Carter, 2004, para. 1). Furthermore, Carter (2004, para. 1-10) notes that the socio-economic risk factors observed in youth violence closely resemble those observed in domestic violence and child maltreatment. This then leaves one wondering whether the relationship between child maltreatment and youth v iolence is unidirectional or multidimensional. Moreover, very few research studies document the link between child abuse and youth violence in the presence of various socio-economic risk factors and protective factors, which according to Cox, Kotch, and Everson (2003, p. 6) play a significant role in modifying the developmental relationships between child abuse/maltreatment and youth violence. Here, Cox et al. (2003, pp. 5-16) posit that various socio-economic factors such as young maternal age, low income, lack of religious intervention, low education, divorce, and separation from caregivers are implicated in child maltreatment and subsequently in youth violence among the victims rather than the non-victims.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conversely, additional studies note that in predicting youth violence, va rious factors such as the bonds between the family and children, involvement in school activities, bonds with antisocial/violent peers, and one’s perspective of the use violence provide clear insights into the link between child abuse and youth violence. Here, the study employs 457 children who are examined right from preschool stage through adolescence, and the results suggest that child abuse/maltreatment is highly mediated by different socio-economic factors, which will also influence the impact of child abuse in youth violence in later stages of lifespan development (Herrenkohl et al., 2003, pp. 1189-1208). This study employs the correct approach in examining the link between child abuse and youth violence. However, it is limited in terms of sample size since the number of participants does not reflect the status at the national level. As a result, the present study will utilize the same approach through conducting a longitudinal study involving a national representative sample of children in order to investigate the link between child maltreatment and youth violence right from preschool stage through adolescence. This study it is hypothesized that there is a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of various socio-economic risk factors. Further, gender differences are expected in terms of how males and females are impacted by child maltreatment as they develop into violent youth. Methodology Participants The study entails 14,000 participants (7,000 males and 7,000 females) drawn randomly from different states/schools in the United States. The eligibility of the participants depends on whether an informed consent of the parents/guardians/caregivers/teachers will be obtained since the study involves investigating/examining the conduct/behavior of the participants right from preschool level through adolescence. Design Materials The research design used in the current study is the quasi-experimental design considering that the study entails about three waves of measurements. In wave I measurements, respondents will be interviewed on the basis of a 45-item questionnaire designed to gather information regarding the individuals, their families, schools, and their communities, which will also form the basis of sampling. Subsequently, wave II measurements will entail gathering self-reported information regarding youth violence victimization relative to a 30-item questionnaire applicable to young adults. Further, in wave III measurements, researchers will embark on gathering self-reports on youth violence perpetration relative to a 30-item questionnaire applicable to young adults (Note: The questionnaires described herein are available elsewhere).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Procedure As a noted earlier, using the questionnaires described in the foregoing discussions, researchers will conduct wave I measurements after obtaining informed consents from the participants and their caregivers who will also take part in answering questions regarding the socio-economic environments available to the participants. For instance, the researchers may wish to inquire from the respondents whether they have been slapped, kicked or left home alone when the presence of an adult is highly valued in order to rule out cases of child abuse/maltreatment. After a significant amount of time (7-8 years) has passed, the researchers will embark on interviewing the same number of respondents (14,000) from wave I in order to inquire whether they are victims or perpetrators of youth violence relative to wave II and III questionnaires. Here, it is worth noting that the researchers may wish to inquire whether the respondents have ever been involved in shooting or wounding other person s, and maybe whether they have ever pointed a gun or knife to another person. Subsequently, the statistical analyses will entail applying bivariate regression methods to investigate the link between child maltreatment and various forms of youth violence (victimization and perpetration). Additionally, the maximum likelihood methods will inform the estimation of different recursive simultaneous equations. Furthermore, the sample means will be used in determining the direct or indirect impact of a particular variable on others. Conversely, estimates of standard errors will be determined through bootstrapping techniques, especially in case one intends to determine the indirect impact of a given variable. Additionally, it is paramount to note that all the statistical analyses will be conducted using the STATA SE (Version 9) software application. Results After successful statistical analyses as described under the methodology section, it is expected that the results will coincide with oth er documented evidence, which shows a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of other socio-economic factors. Here, relative to non-victims, the likelihood that abused children will become violent in later stages of development is expected to be higher for both males and females compared to the one documented in previous studies considering that the current research entails a larger representative sample. Furthermore, it is expected that gender differences in perpetration and victimization of youth violence will be more apparent, with the males expected to demonstrate more effects relative to there female counterparts. Here, the study results are expected to show that males are more likely to perpetrate violence in case at any one point in their lifespan development process, they encountered child abuse/maltreatment in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors such as domestic violence and low income. Discussions Using the experimental design described in the foregoing discussions, and comparing the data collected with other research studies, the present study results are expected to show a clear link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors. However, it should be noted that this is a general view regarding victims of child maltreatment as opposed to their non-victim counterparts. Further, considering that the study entails a representative sample drawing participants from different parts of the United States, the present study is more likely to reinforce the results documented by various researchers who are of the idea that the interventions aimed at preventing child maltreatment will go a long way in preventing youth violence perpetration and the subsequent IPV cases reported among different young families. On the other hand, it is essential to note that despite the study showing a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence, there is the risk that the present study is limited in terms of addressing the direct and indirect impact of different forms of child maltreatment on the subsequent perpetration of youth violence. Here, child neglect during the early childhood stage and the subsequent physical maltreatment of victims are part of several factors implicated in youth violence perpetration in later stages of lifespan development, the gender factor not-withstanding. Therefore, the present study may fail to answer the question whether the link between childhood neglect and physical maltreatment is stronger among the males or females. As a result, future research studies should be designed in such a way that the link between the two factors is clearly examined to bring out the underlying gender factor. On the other hand, it is apparent from the discussions above that sexual abuse has not been treated as a separate entity in child maltreatment. According to Fang and Corso (2007, p. 279), the link between child sexua l abuse and the subsequent perpetration of youth violence appears to differ with the one observed in child neglect and physical maltreatment. As a result, it is expected that gender differences will arise relative to the way males and females are bound to perpetrate future youth violence in case they are sexually abused in childhood. However, the present study fails to consider this paramount factor, which leaves room for future studies aimed at examining the impact of sexual abuse on the development of youth violence as a separate entity. Overall, by looking at the individual contribution of child maltreatment in youth violence, the present study offers an in-depth insight into the significance of developing interventional strategies aimed at combating child maltreatment and youth violence in cases whereby the two appear as separate entities. In this way, the study aims at saving the community-based health professionals the additional resources channeled toward combating socio-econ omic factors that do not have any significant impact in some cases of child maltreatment and the subsequent youth violence. References Carter, J. (2004). Domestic violence, child abuse, and youth violence: Strategies for  prevention and early intervention. San Francisco, CA: Family Violence Prevention Fund. Cox, C. E., Kotch, J. B., Everson, M. D. (2003). A longitudinal study of modifying influences in the relationship between domestic violence and child maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 18 (1), 5-16. Fang, X., Corso, P. S. (2007). Child maltreatment, youth violence, and intimate partner violence: Developmental relationships. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33 (4), 281-290. Herrenkohl, T. I., Huang, B., Tajima, E. A., Whitney, S. D. (2003). Examining the link between child abuse and youth violence: An analysis of mediating mechanisms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18 (10), 1189-1208. Science Daily. (2007). Victims of child maltreatment more likely to perpe trate youth  violence, intimate partner violence. Science News. Web. This research paper on Relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence was written and submitted by user Jaidyn Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Queen Hatshepsut essays

Queen Hatshepsut essays Queen Hatshepsut, daughter of Thutmose I and Aahmes, was one of the few female pharaohs of Egypt. There were other female pharaohs prior to her, and female pharaohs after her, although Queen Hatshepsut was special in many aspects. Hatshepsuts full name is composed of four parts. The first is she who is rich, powerful through her kas , her doubles. (Edwards) The second, nebti, indicates pharaohs authority over both east and west. (Edwards) The third, Horus, means the divine one in her risings. (Edwards) The final part of her name is composed of two cartouches. The first being Kamara, the true double of Ra. (Edwards) The second cartouche has no holy meaning but simply gives her name, Hatshepsut. (Edwards) Her full name inscribed on her great seal read: The Horus, mighty by his Kas, the lord of East and West abounding in years, the good goddess, the pious lady, the golden falcon, divine in her rings, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Kamara, the daughter of Ra, Khnumit Amon, Hatshepsut. (Edwards) Women in Egypt were quite different than those in other cultures. They were allowed to own property, hold official positions, inherit from their parents or husbands, and defend her legal rights in court. (Unknown) It seemed that they were allowed to appear in public, whereas in Greece their designated area was at home. (Unknown)Due to the social freedoms of women in Egypt, a number of queens were able to gain some influence. Hatshepsut was preceded by Tetisheri, Ahhotep II, and Ahmose-Nefertary, all whom were 17th century queens that achieved some sort of control over the government. (Unknown) Paving the way for Hatshepsut they impacted the general view of women and maintained stability and order, making her the most extraordinary female to be pharaoh in Egypt. (Unknown) Hatshepsut, daughter of Thutmose I and Ahmose, was the favor...

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Friedrich Nietzsche Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Friedrich Nietzsche - Essay Example â€Å"Beyond Good and Evil† (1886) is a landmark work by Friedrich Nietzsche, which precedes the final, most intense period of his work, marked by summing up the philosophical outcome of the previous human history and the foresight of the major social and spiritual conflicts of the twentieth century. This landmark work allows to continue the development of the idea of superman using new form of sharpened analytical aphorisms, in which the author focuses sharp critique of modernity - its philosophy, science, art, politics and, the most importantly, morality. Analyzing the work â€Å"Beyond Good and Evil† it is necessary to mention that it looks like prophetic work, where the subtitle â€Å"Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future† is no accident, because in his book a German thinker has predicted the coming collapse of European spirituality, and ‘mass uprising’ that followed by the reign of ‘the coming of boor’. He also has predicted levelin g of identity under the banner of universal human equality, and epic struggle for world domination, and totalitarianism as a consequence democratization of Europe. Thus, we see that Nietzsche believes that only a radical reassessment of all European ideals and European morality in general can avoid catastrophic processes of the future. Interpreting main ideas and theories presented in Nietzsche’s prominent work â€Å"Beyond Good and Evil† it is necessary to mention that in the understanding of the history of mankind, developed by Nietzsche, in Western culture unfortunate distinction between ‘good’ and ‘evil’ dominates, distinction, which was especially facilitated by a celebration of Christianity. It is necessary to emphasize that the masses, incited by a burning hatred of aristocratic manners which they could not emulate, often with the support of religious leaders, gave themselves vengeful rejection of aristocracy. In the view of Nietzsche, ‘good’ in the distinction between the good-evil emphasis on equality, self-sacrifice, gentleness, humility, compassion, pity, and other qualities of weakness. Such ‘good’ punishes the noble, aristocratic qualities - assertiveness, daring creative originality, passion, thirst for victory, moreover, it (the ‘good’) calls the above mentioned characteristics as evil. The predominance of such representations of evil, as Nietzsche claimed, is responsible for weakness and mediocrity of those who occupy a dominant position. They destroyed those qualities without which life can not be anything remarkable. According to Nietzsche, the decline of modern society suggests that for satisfying the needs of the superiority still too little is done. However, human existence does not necessarily end at this bleak note. Sometimes, considering himself a voice crying in the wilderness, Nietzsche, however, thought that human life is capable of self- expiation going b eyond good and evil. In this case it is possible to say that spirit of generosity - adoption of life, struggle and victory, a passionate desire to excel - these qualities have to be exalted. However, the purpose of Nietzsche is not doubling of the past, but a return of these essential qualities to modern life. Addressing to main Nietzsche’s arguments it seems that there is every reason to see in Nietzsche himself (using his own phrases) a trend to a personal ‘internalization of freedom’

The Importance Of Determining A Plant Location

The Importance Of Determining A Plant Location The location of a plant or facility is the geographical positioning of an operation relative to the input resources and other operations or customers with which it interacts. Andrew Greasly (2003) identified three main reasons why a location decision is required. The first reason is that a new company has been created and needs a facility to manufacture products or deliver a service to its customers. The second reason is that there is a decision to relocate an existing business due to a number of factors such as the need for larger premises or to be closer to a particular customer base. The third reason is relocate into new premises in order to expand operations. Decisions with regards to where an organisation can locate its plant or facility are not taken often, however they still tend to be very important for the firms profitability and long-term survival. An organisation which chooses an inappropriate location for its premises could suffer from a number of factors, and would find it difficult and expensive to relocate. Location decisions tend to be taken more often for service operations than manufacturing facilities. Facilities for service related businesses are usually smaller in size, less costly, and are located in a location that is convenient and easily accessible to customers (Russell and Taylor, 2003). When deciding where to locate a manufacturing facility different reasons apply, such as the cost of constructing a plant or factory. Although the most imporant factor for a service related business is access to customers, a set of different criteria are important for a manufacturing facility (Russell and Taylor, 2003). These include the nature of the labor force, proximity to suppliers and other markets, distribution and transportation costs, the availability of energy and its cost, community infrastructure, government regualtions and taxes, amongst others (Russell and Taylor, 2003). Location Strategy The facilities location problem is one of major importance in all types of business. It is important to notice the different problems that may arise whilst trying to choose a suitable location. Normally, the decision on siting proceeds in two stages: in the first, the general area is chosen; and then a detailed survey of that area is carried out to find suitable sites where the plant or facility could be located (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). However, the final decision as to where to locate a facility is made by taking into consideration more detailed requirements. The following are a number of factors which might influence the choice of location (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). Proximity to market: organisations may wish to locate their facility close to their market, to be able to lower transportation costs, and most importantly, to be able to provide their customers with a better service. If the plant or facility is located close to the customer, the organisation would be in a better position to provide just-in-time delivery, to respond to fluctuations in demand and to react to field or service problems. Availability of labour and skills: a number of geographical areas have traditional skills but it is very difficult for an organisation to find a location which has the appropriate skilled and unskilled labour, both readily available and in the desired quantities. Even so, new skills can be tought, processes simplified and key personnel moved from one area to another. Availability of amenities: organisations would prefer to locate their facilities in a location which provides good external amenities such as housing, shops, community services and communication systems. Availability of inputs: a location which is near main suppliers will help to reduce cost and allow staff to meet suppliers easily to discuss quality, technical or delivery problems, amongst others. It is also important that certain supplies which are expensive or difficult to procure by transport should be readily available in the locality. Availability of services: there are six main services which need to be considered whilst a location is being chosen namely; gas and electricity, water, drainage, disposal of waste and communications. An assessment must be made of the requirements for these, and a location which provides most or all of these services will be more attractive than another which does not. Room for expansion: organisations should leave room for expansion within the chosen location unless long term forecast convey very accurately that the plant will never have to be altered or expanded. This is often not the case and thus adequate room for expansion should be allowed. Safety requirements: certain production and manufacturing units may present potential hazards to the surrounding neighbourhood. For example certain plants such as nuclear power stations and chemical factories should be located in remote areas. Site cost: the cost of the site is a very important factor, however it is necessary to prevent immediate benefit from jeopardising the long-term plans of an organisation. Political, cultural and economic situation: it is also important to consider the political situation of potential locations. Even if other considerations demand a particular site, knowledge of the political, cultural and economic difficulties can assist in taking a number of decisions. Special grants, regional taxes and import/export barriers: it is often advantegous for an organisation to build its plant or facility in a location where the government and local authorities often offer special grants, low-interest loans, low rental or taxes and other grants. Location Selection Techniques The location selection process involves the identification of a suitable region/country, the indentification of an appropriate area within that region and finally comparing and selecting a site from that area which is suitable for an organisation. The following are a number of analytical techniques from the several that have been developed to assist firms when choosing a location. Weighted Score The weithed scoring technique tries to take a range of considerations into account, including cost (Greasly, 2006). This technique, which is also referred to as factor rating, consists of determining a list of factors that are relevant to the location decision. Each factor is then given a weighting that conveys its importance compared with the other factors. Each location is then scored on each factor and this score is multiplied by the factor value. The alternative with the highest score is then chosen (Greasly, 2006). Locational Break-Even Analysis This technique makes use of cost-volume analysis to make an economic comparison of location alternatives. An organisation would have to identify the fixed and variable costs and graphing them for each location, thus determining which one provides the lowest cost. Locational break-even analysis may be carried out mathematically or graphically. The procedure for graphical cost-volume analysis is as follows (Falzon, 2009): Determine the fixed and variable costs for each location. Plot the total cost (i.e. the fixed + the variable) lines for the location alternatives on the graph. Choose the location with the lowest total cost line at the expected production volume level. 2.1.2 Plant Layout According to Andrew Greasly (2007), the layout of a plant or facility is concerned with the physical placement of resources such as equipment and storage facilities, which should be designed to facilitate the efficient flow of customers or materials through the manufacturing or service system. He also noted that the layout design is very important and should be taken very seriously as it can have a significant impact on the cost and efficiency of an operation and can involve substantial investment in time and money. The decisions taken with regards to the facility layout will have a direct influence on how efficiently workers will be able to carry out their jobs, how much and how fast goods can be produced, how difficult it is to automate a system, and how the system in place would be able to respond to any changes with regards to product or service design, product mix, or demand volume (Russell and Taylor, 2003). In many operations the installation of a new layout, or redesign of an existing layout, can be difficult to change once they are implemented due to the significant investment required on items such as equipment. Therefore, it is imperative to make sure that the policy decisions relating to the organisation, method and work flow are made before the facilities are laid out rather than trying to fit these three into the layout. This is an important area of production and operations management since it is dealing with the capital equipment of the organisation which, in general, is difficult to relocate once it has been put into position. Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer (1992) explained that the plant layout process is rather complex, which cannot be set down with any finality, and one in which experience plays a great part. The author also explained that it is impossible for an organisation to design the perfect layout, however he discussed a number of criteria which should be followed to design a good layout, namely the following: Maximum Flexibility A good layout should be designed in such a way that modifications could rapidly take place to meet changing circumstances, and thus should be devised with the possible future needs of the operation in mind. Maximum Co-ordination The layout should be designed in such a way that entry into, and disposal from, any department or functional area should be carried out in the most convenient way to the issuing and recieving departments. Maximum use of volume The facility should be considered as cubic devices and maximum use is to be made of the volume available. This principle is useful in stores, where goods can be stored at considerable heights without causing any inconvenience. Maximum visibility The authors further insists that all the workers and materials should be readily observable at all times and that there should be no hidden places into which goods or information might get misplaced and forgotten. Organisations should be careful when they make use of partitioning or screening as these may introduce undesirable segregation which reduces the effective use of floor space. Maximum accessibility The machinery, equipment and other installations should not in any way obstruct the servicing and maintenance points, which should be readily accessible at all times. Obstructing certain service points such as electricity and water mains could hinder the production process in place. Minimum distance and Material handling All movements taking place within the plant should be both necessary and direct. Handling work does add the cost but does not increase the value, thus any unecessary movement should be avoided and if present, eliminated. It is best not to handle the material and information, however if this is necessary it should be reduced to a minimum by making use of appropriate devices. Inherent Safety All processes which might constitute a danger to either the staff or customers should not be accessible to the unauthorised. Fire exists should be clearly marked with uninhibited access and pathways should be clearly defined and uncluttered. Unidirectional Flow All materials which are being used in the production process should always flow in one direction, starting from the storage, passing through all processes and facilities, and finally resulting in the finished product which is later dispatched for storage or sold directly to the customer. Management Coordination Supervision and communication should be assisted by the location of staff and communication equipment in place within the chosen layout. 2.2 Quality Management There is a widespread acceptance that organisations view quality as an important strategic core competence and a vital competitive weapon which should be used to gain a competitive advantage at the expense of rivals. Several organisations have been able to reep a number of benefits, such as substanstial cost savings and higher revenues, after implementing a quality improvement process into their operations. Subsequently, this led them to invest substantial amounts of money yearly on implementing and sustaining quality programmes and intiatives. The American National Standards Institution (ANSI) and the American Society for Quality Control (ASQC) define quality as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy given needs. Similarily, Feigenbaum (2005), who is an American quality control expert, has defined quality as the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacture, and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectation by the customer. Put simply, this refers to an organisations ability to manufacture a product or deliver a service which satisfy the customers requirements and needs, and which conform to specifications. Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, authors of Production and Operations Management (1992), noted that organisations must be dedicated to the continous improvement of quality and must implement systematic control systems that are designed to prevent the production or delivery of products or services which do not conform to requirements. To facilitate this process, organisations should first set up a quality policy statement which describes their general quality orientation and which is used to assist as a framework for action. Once set up, top management would be required to: ensure that is it understood at all levels of the organisation; identify the needs of the organisations customers; evaluate the organisations ability to meet these needs; make sure that all the materials and services supplied fit the required standards of efficiency and performance; continously train the workforce for quality improvement; assess and monitor the quality management systems in place. 2.2.1 Quality Control and Assurance in the Conversion Process Ray Wild (2002) has noted that the capability of the conversion process directly influences the degree to which the product or service conforms to the given specification. If the conversion process is capable of producing products or services at the specified level, then the products or services are provided at the desired quality level. Once the specification of the output is known and an appropriate process is available, management must ensure that the output will conform to the specification. In order to achieve this objective Ray Wild (2002) has defined three different stages which are outlined in figure 2.1; each discussed below. Figure 2.: The stages, processes and procedures of quality control and assurance Essentials of Operations Management by Ray Wild (2002) Control of Inputs Before accepting any items as inputs, organisations must make sure that they conform to the required specifications and standards. Normally, before items are supplied to an organisation, they are subjected to some form of quality control by the supplier. The organisation might also ask its suppliers for information about the quality of the items whilst they are being prepared, ask for a copy of the final inspection documentation, or ask a third party such as an insurance company to make sure that all the items supplied conform to the required quality standards. Even so, organisations still find the need to inspect the items supplied once they are recieved and before they are inserted into the conversion process. This inspection can be carried out by either inspecting every item recieved from suppliers, or by making use of the acceptance sampling procedure, which consists of taking a random sample from a larger batch or lot of material to be inspected. Organisations might also make use of the vendor rating procedure whereby suppliers are rated by taking into account a number of quality related factors such as the percentage of acceptable items recieved in the past, the quality of the packaging, and the price. Control of Process All manufacturing organisations must make sure that appropriate inspection is carried out during operations to ensure that defective items do not proceed to the next operations, and also to predict when the process is most likely to produce faulty items so that preventive adjustments could be adopted (Ray Wild 2002). The quality control of the production process is facilitated by making use of control charts, which convey whether the process looks as though it is performing as it should, or alternatively if it is going out of control. One of the benefits of this procedure is that it helps management to take action before problems actually take place. Ray Wild (2002) also notes that organisations should establish procedures for the selection and inspection of items which are used in the conversion process, for the recording and analysis of data, scrapping of defectives, and for feedback of information. Control of Outputs Organisations must ensure that the qulity inspection of output items is carried out effectively since any undetected defective items would be passed on to the customer. The inspection of output items is normally carried out by making use of a sampling procedure, such as acceptance sampling, or by carrying out exhaustive checks. Ray Wild (2002) notes that it is vital for an organisation to have in place suitable procedures designed for the collection and retention of inspection data, for the correction, replacement or further examination of defective items, and for the adjustment or modification of either previous inspection or processing operations in order to eliminate the production of defective items. 2.2.2 HACCP Nowadays, the food industry is responsible of producing safe products and also for conveying in a transparent manner how the safety of food is being planned, controlled and assured. In order to do so, organisations in the food industry need a system which will ensure that food operations are designed to be safe and that potential hazards are taken into account (Mitchell, 1992). One such system is the Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points which is a scientific and systematic method used to assure food safety, and a tool for the development, implementation and management of effective safety assurance procedures (Ropkins and Beck, 2000). The HACCP is known to be one of the best methods used for assuring product safety and is considered as a prerequisite for food manufacturing companies who wish to export their products into international markets. The objective of the HACCP system is to guarantee that the safe production of food by implementing a quality system which covers the complete food production chain, from the promary sector up to the final consuming of the product (Fai Pun and Bhairo-Beekhoo, 2007). It is capable of analysing the potential hazards in a food operation, identifying the points in the operation where the hazards may take place, and deciding which of these may be harmful to consumers (Mitchell, 2002). These points, which are referred to as the critical control points, are continously monitored and remedial action is effected if any of these points are not within safe limits. The HACCP is the system of choice in the management of food safety; one which is highly promoted by the food safety authorities in the United States, Canada and European Union. 2.3 Just-In-Time Scheduling 2.3.1 Scheduling in Manufacturing Decision making with regards to scheduling has become a very important factor in manufacturing as well as in service industries. Scheduling is a decision making process whereby limited resources are allocated to specific tasks over time in order to produce the desired outputs at the desired time (Psarras and Ergazakis, 2003). This process helps organisations to allocate their resources properly, which would further enable them to optimise their objectives and achieve their goals. A number of functions, conveyed in figure 2.2, must be performed whilst scheduling and controlling a production operation. Figure 2.: Functions performed in scheduling and controlling a production operation Adopted from the journal,Production scheduling in ERP systems, by Psarras Ergazakis (2003) In manufacturing systems, scheduling is highly dependent on the volume and variety mix of the manufacturing system itself. Mass process-type systems, which normally make use of a flow (product) layout where a standard item is produced in high volumes, make use of specialised equipment dedicated to achieve an optimal flow of work throughout the system (Greasly, 2006). Greasly notes that this is very important since all items follow the same sequence of operations. One of the most important objectives of a flow system is to make sure that production is kept at an equal rate in each production that takes place. This could be ensured by making use of the line balancing technique, which makes sure that the output of each production stage is equal and that all resources all fully utilised (Greasly, 2006). 2.3.2 Just-In-Time The Just-In-Time Philosophy The just-in-time philosophy originated from the Japanese auto maker Toyota after Taiichi Ohno came up with the Toyota Production System whose aim was to interface manufacturing more closely with the companys customers and suppliers. This particular philosophy is an approach to manufacturing which seeks to provide the right amount of material when it is required, which in turn leads to the reduction of work-in-progress inventories and aims to maximise productivity within the production process (Singh and Brar, 1991). The authors, Slack, Chambers and Johnston, of Operations Management (2001) defined the JIT philosophy as a disciplined approach to improving overall productivity and elimination of waste. They also state that it provides for the necessary quantity of parts at the right quality, at the right time and place, while using a minimum amount of facilities, equipment, materials and human resources. Thus, put simply the JIT system of production is one based on the philosophy of to tal elimination of waste, which seeks the utmost rationality in the way production is carried out. Bicheno (1991) further states that JIT aims to meet demand instantaneously, with perfect quality and no waste. In order to achieve this, an organisation requires a whole new approach in how it operates. Harrison (1992) identified three important issues as the core of JIT philosophy, namely the elimination of waste, the involvement of everyone and continous improvement. The following is a brief description of these three key issues (adapted from Operations Management by Andrew Greasly, 2006). Eliminate Waste Waste may be defined as any activity which does not add value to the operation. Ohno (1995) and Toyota have identified seven types of waste, which apply in many different types of operations, in both manufacturing and service industries. All of these types of wastes are displayed in figure 2.3 below. The involvement of everyone Organisations that implement a JIT system are able to create a new culture where all employees are encouraged to continously improve by coming up with ideas for improvements and by performing a range of functions. In order to involve employees as much as possible, organisations would have to provide training to staff in a wide range of areas and techniques, such as Statistical Process Control and more general problem solving techniques (Andrew Greasley 2002). Figure 2.: Types of wastes present in different types of operations Operations Management by Andrew Greasly (2002) Continuous Improvement Slack and Johnston (2001) note that JIT objectives are often expressed as ideals. Futhermore, Greasly (2002) states that through this philosophy, organisations would be able to get to these ideals of JIT by a continuous stream of improvements over time. The Benefits of Just-In-Time According to Russell and Taylor (2003), after fives years from implementing JIT a number of U.S. manufacturers were able to benefit from 90 percent reductions in manufacturing cycle time, 70 percent reductions in inventory, 50 percent reductions in labour costs, and 80 percent reductions in space requirements. These results are not achieved by each and every organisation that implements a JIT system, however JIT does provide a wide range of benefits, including: Reduced inventory Improved quality Lower costs Reduced space requirements Shorter lead time Increased productivity Greater flexibility Better relations with suppliers Simplified scheduling and control activities Better use of human resources Increased capacity More product variety 2.4 Health and Safety Management The International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) define occupational health as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; and the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities. Many countries have introduced legislation which requires employers to manage the health and safety of their employees, and others who might be affected (Waring, 1996). To honour health and safety legislation, organisations have found it necessary to introduce active programmes of accident prevention. The preparation of a properly though-out health and safety policy, which is continously monitored, could dramatically reduce or eliminate injuries and damage to health (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). 2.4.1 Responsibilities for Safety All employees in an organisation should be active in creating and maintaining healthy and safe working conditions which are aimed to avoid accidents. Once a health and safety policy is established in an organisation, roles and responsibilities should be allocated within the management structure (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). As with other areas such as quality and production within an organisation, health and safety would only be able to progress successfully if all employees are fully co-operative and committed in doing so. A number of organisations have encouraged this total involvement by creating safety representitives, committees, and group discussions whereby all employees in a particular unit meet periodically for discussions about safety (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). 2.4.2 Planning for Safety Systematic planning is required to ensure effective planning for health and safety in all workplaces. A health and safety policy should be part of a continous review process which has no tolerance for accidents. This could only take place if the organisation in question adopts a strategy of never-ending improvement (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). It should set the scene from the top with regards to top management beliefs, intentions, priorities and requirement from managers and workforce (Waring, 1996). The overall plan should be made up of the basic elements conveyed in figure 2.4 below.

Macbeth Essay -- essays research papers

Compare and Contrast: Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Ambition, the world’s driving force to achieve their goals. Ambition is a characteristic of human nature, which, if expressed in an evil manner, can turn the entire person evil. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are great examples of these types of people. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, they are torn apart due to their excessive hunger for power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have a driving ambition that turns each of them into a spiral of guilt and evil. They are both very stubborn and set in their ways this is proven when Macbeth does not want to change his mind about killing Duncan. Their thriving ruthlessness combined is almost unstoppable, and it is their fuel to commit the terrible deeds that they do. Though they are similar in many ways, they also have many differences, which include the changing of power throughout the play. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is a very close but a rather strange one. There are a lot of things that Macbeth does not understand about Lady Macbeth, that she knows about him, for example, she knows his weakness of character and his strengths. At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth is the stronger of the two. Although it was the witches who told Macbeth he will be king, it was Lady Macbeth who uses her art of persuasion, and knowledge of Macbeths weaknesses, to make him kill the king. Lady Macbeth uses persuasion, another factor that helps her over p...

Peoplesoft Messaging Server

Contents PeopleSoft Messaging Server Settings Guide1 Contents2 Introduction Introducing the PeopleSoft Messaging Server3 Messaging Server Processes4 Configuring Messaging Servers in PSADMIN4 Understanding Dispatcher Parameters5 Understanding Handler Parameters7 Understanding Integration Broker Parameters8 Minimum and Recommended Values. 9 Edit History10 Introduction Introducing the PeopleSoft Messaging Server PeopleSoft Messaging Services exist on the application server and are the heart of the Integration Broker.Before using Integration Broker, you must configure and start the Messaging Server, aka PUB/SUB. Although the server processes devoted to your messaging system are all part of the larger application server domain, they comprise a distinct set of processes that aren’t involved with the ordinary transactions associated with PIA connections. Six processes of two different types, dispatchers and handlers, are combined in pairs to produce the messaging servers needed for t ransmitting messages throughout your messaging system. Each messaging server is a different type.A set of three — a publication broker, a publication contractor, and a subscription contractor — constitute the messaging server set required by Integration Broker. Following is a listing of the generic names for the processes: Messaging ServerDispatcher NameHandler Name Publication Broker (BRK)PSBRKDSPPSBRKHND Publication Contractor (PUB)PSPUBDSPPSPUBHND Subscription Contractor (SUB)PSSUBDSPPSSUBHND PeopleSoft delivers default PUB/SUB services with _dflt added to the above naming convention. For example PSBRKDSP_dflt. It is recommended that you use these services unless you have a specific need for dedicated handlers.To boot PUB/SUB use PSADMIN to configure your domain and simply answer Y to the following question at the end of the configuration process: Command to execute (1-7, q) : 4 Do you want the Publish/Subscribe servers configured (y/n)? [y]:y For typical implementa tions, there is no need to configure custom or additional dedicated messaging servers as the default messaging services will handle all basic messages. Please see the last section of this guide for recommended values More information about managing the application server can be found in the PeopleSoft Server Tools Administration Peoplebook.Additional Information available in Peoplebooks under: Home > PeopleBooks Library > PeopleSoft Integration Broker > Configuring the Messaging Messaging Server Processes There are a variety of server processes devoted to application messaging. If you are not implementing the application messaging technology then you may skip through the delivered, default server processes. The delivered server processes are: †¢PSBRKDSP †¢PSBRKHND †¢PSPUBDSP †¢PSPUBHND †¢PSSUBDSP †¢PSSUBHND These server processes act as brokers, dispatchers, and handlers of the messages in your messaging system.For the purposes of this paper we will div ide these into two categories: Dipatchers and Handlers. Configuring Messaging Servers in PSADMIN This section provides overviews of messaging server configuration, dispatcher parameters, and handler parameters. Understanding Messaging Server Configuration Once you create dedicated messaging servers, you must configure their dispatcher and handler processes so they boot when you start the application server. You configure these processes using PSADMIN just as you do any other server process that runs on the application server.Before you attempt to configure additional messaging server processes, you should be familiar with the other server processes that run on the application server. For more information, please see Peoplebooks Working With PSADMIN Menus. As stated earlier, two types of server processes comprise each messaging server: a dispatcher and a handler. Each process type requires you to set a different set of parameters. Most of the parameters are similar to other server pr ocesses, such as PSSAPPSRV, but some parameters are specific to messaging servers. Note.The following sections also apply to the _dflt messaging server processes. Only one parameter is different between a dedicated messaging server process and its _dflt counterpart: the Channels parameter, which enables you to add message channels to the channel list. The _dflt server processes can’t be associated with any specific message channel. Understanding Dispatcher Parameters There are three generic process types that are the basis for all dispatcher processes: †¢PSBRKDSP — the publication broker dispatcher. †¢PSPUBDSP — the publication contractor dispatcher. PSSUBDSP — the subscription contractor dispatcher. The following parameters apply to all three process types. Recycle Count Specifies the number of times each dispatcher process will be executed before being terminated (intentionally) by the system and then immediately restarted. Servers must be int ermittently recycled to clear buffer areas. The time required to recycle a server is negligible—occurring in milliseconds. Recycle Count does not translate into a native Tuxedo parameter in the PSAPPSRV. UBB file. Instead the value is stored in memory and is managed by the system.Allowed Consec Service Failures This option allows for dynamic server process restarts in the event of service failures. To enable this option, enter a number greater than zero, and to disable this option enter 0. The default value for this parameter is 2. The value you enter is the number of consecutive service failures that will cause a recycle of the server process. This is a catchall error handling routine that allows a dispatcher to terminate itself if it receives multiple, consecutive, fatal error messages from service routines.Such errors should not occur consecutively, but if they do it indicates that the server process needs to be recycled or cleansed. A â€Å"Retry† message appears w hen the number of service failures you specified occurs. Handler Status CheckcountHandler check count is used to determine how often the dispatcher should look to get the number of associated handlers. The value of Handler Status Checkcount is the number of cycles that the dispatcher will perform before reading the MIB and getting the number of associated handlers. This comes into play when the number of handlers change (add more, some crash etc. by having the proper count , the dispatcher can queue up messages to the handler more efficiently. Also if there are no handlers, then the dispatcher will not queue up any publications causing the application server log to fill up. For 8. 4 it is simply used to determine if there are any handlers, and if not don't send the message to the handler. This is to eliminate any the informational messages in the appserv. log if the handlers are down. For 8. 42 it is used to merely look at see if any associated handler is booted. Going forward 8. 3 it will be used as one of the determinate of how much work should the dispatcher send out at one time. Scan IntervalSpecifies the number of seconds between scans of the work queue when idle. The scan interval is necessary to detect messages published from two-tier connections, because when a message is in the queue the broker server doesn’t receive a notice of the publication. A scan interval is required to make sure that two-tier messages get processed in a timely manner. The scan interval is analogous to the Process Scheduler polling the Process Request table.In addition, the scan interval detects messages that have been resubmitted after an error, for example. Decreasing the scan interval will decrease latency for two-tier publishes and error recovery Ping RateUsed for PSPUBDSP only. After this many seconds of inactivity, the server will scan the database queues and restart any stalled/crashed items. The scan rate and Ping rate (as percentage) will determine the actual int erval for pinging any unavailable remote nodes (algorithm used: Attempts * Ping Rate * Scan Inteval).Maximum Ping IntervalThe maximum Ping Interval (in Hours) is the maximum interval between subsequent attempted pings of any unavailable remote nodes. Memory Queue Refresh Rate PeopleSoft Integration Broker maintains current asynchronous messaging queues in system memory for quick access. On rare occasions these cached queues can become corrupted, at which point they must be refreshed from the Integration Broker data tables. The likelihood and frequency of cache corruption depends on a combination of factors specific to your messaging system.If you need to periodically refresh the in-memory queues, you can use this parameter to tailor the frequency of the refresh to fit your situation. Each dispatcher on your system has its own queue. For each queue you set the rate equal to the number of dispatch attempts that must occur before the queue is refreshed. The refresh occurs only when the specified number of dispatch attempts is reached for a given message channel. For example, with a memory queue refresh rate of 8, multiple channels could have up to seven dispatch attempts each without triggering any refresh.The following settings are also significant: †¢A setting of 0 disables the refresh altogether. This is the default value. A setting of 1 triggers a refresh immediately after every dispatch attempt, effectively disabling memory caching. Restart Period Specifies the number of seconds between restart attempts on Started items in the work queue. An item which stays in Started state for more than a few seconds might be stalled — for example, the service request might have been lost, or the handler might have crashed. Decreasing the restart period will reduce the latency for recovering stalled items with a status of Started.However, under high load, items might stay in the Started state longer than normal for valid reasons — all the handlers might be busy, and the handler service request for the item might be queued at the Tuxedo level. Setting the restart period too low will result in redundant restarts — the dispatcher will dispatch the item again, even though the original request is still in the Tuxedo queue. A small number of extra restarts is benign, but at higher volumes, the unnecessary restarts can fill up the queue and block real requests.The formula for a reasonable value for the Restart Period is: ((incoming requests per second) / (# of handlers)) * (average processing time per request) For example, if you have an incoming rate of twenty per second, and you have four handlers, each handler will be busy processing one item and will have four others waiting in the queue. A new item will have to wait for the currently processing item, plus the four enqueued items, before it will be processed. If each item takes 10 seconds to process, the new item will stay in â€Å"started† status for approximately 50 se conds before the handler works on it.If it stays in â€Å"started† status longer, it's likely that the request to the handler has been lost, and the item should be restarted. Understanding Handler Parameters There are three generic process types that are the basis for all handler processes: †¢PSBRKHND — the publication broker handler. †¢PSPUBHND — the publication contractor handler. †¢PSSUBHND — the subscription contractor handler. The following parameters apply to all three process types. Min Instances Specifies the number of handler server processes started at boot time. Max Instances Specifies the maximum number of handler server processes that can be started or spawned.Service Timeout Specifies the number of seconds a handlers waits for a service request before timing out. Service Timeouts are recorded in the TUXLOG and APPSRV. LOG. In the event of a timeout, the handler terminate itself and Tuxedo automatically restarts the process. Re cycle Count Specifies the number of times the system executes each server before PeopleSoft intentionally terminates the process. Server processes must be intermittently recycled to clear buffer areas. The time required to recycle a server is negligible—occurring in milliseconds. Recycle Count does not translate into a native Tuxedo parameter in the PSAPPSRV.UBB file. Instead the value is stored in memory and is managed by PeopleSoft. Allowed Consec Service Failures This option allows for dynamic server process restarts in the event of service failures. To enable this option, enter a number greater than zero, and to disable this option enter 0. The default for this parameter is 2. The numerical value you enter is the number of consecutive service failures that will cause a recycle of the server process. This is a catchall error handling routine that allows a handler to terminate itself if it receives multiple, consecutive, fatal error messages from service routines.Such error s should not occur consecutively, but if they do it indicates that the server process needs to be recycled or cleansed. A â€Å"Retry† message appears when the number of service failures you specified occurs. Max Retries Specifies the maximum number of times the server should attempt to restart a failed action. This parameter prevents a bad item from continuously crashing a handler process — its counter is incremented when the handler sets the status to â€Å"working,† but before it actually starts processing the item. Understanding Integration Broker Parameters The following parameters applies to the Integration Broker technology.Min Message Size for Compression The Min Message Size for Compression parameter enables you to configure the threshold of message before the system compresses the message. Local Compression The integration engine compresses and base64 encodes messages destined for the PeopleSoft listening connector on its local integration gateway, bas ed on a setting for the application server domain in the PSAPPSRV. CFG file, which you can configure using the PSADMIN utility. The setting is a threshold message size, above which messages will be compressed. PSADMIN presents the setting as follows: Values for config section – Integration BrokerMin Message Size For Compression=10000 Do you want to change any values (y/n)? [n]: The value is the message size in bytes; the default value is 10000 (10 KB). You can specify a setting of 0 to compress all messages. See Understanding Application Server Domain Parameters. Note. This setting has no effect on the compression of messages that the integration gateway sends using its target connectors. Information Set Profiling information for both Sync and Async processing External Configuration Set External Configuration =Y if you run the Pub/Sub processes on a different domain then where the appserver processes are run for PIA/ PORTAL.This will enhance the Integration Broker performance for Asynchronous processing Minimum and Recommended Values. Specific application server tuning needs vary by customer site based on volume and server capacity. Requests for tuning issues and assistance should be addressed to Peoplesoft Consulting. However, some specific information is available below: PSAPPSRV should have a minimum of 3 instances booted when starting Pub/Sub. PSBRKDSP/HND settings should be sized up. A minumum of 3 instances should be used for all application messaging scenarios. For one particular customer I recommend increasing the PSBRKHND settings to 10/10.Same with the PUB and SUB handler settings: set min/max of 10/10. Other customers have used as many as 20 instances for PSSUBHND. This is generally a tuning issue, and settings vary greatly from site to site. Recycle count: For dispatchers this should always be 0. For Handlers this can be 0, or reduced based on need. A single handler is restarting itself after this number services (this is not the number mess ages, but the number of calls from the tuxedo service). Setting this too low can create performance problems. When a service recycles itelf, all requests must wait for the handler to come back up and re-submit.It is generally recommended using 0 for this value. Otherwise a high number like 100,000 is recommended unless memory problems are encountered in which case this value can be lowered. Restart Period. Since restart period controls how long before a started item will be resubmitted, dispatcher requests may be resubmitting themselves over and over again resulting in a higher queue number. This can be adjusted by changing Restart Period=5 to a higher number. Customers will need to play with this and monitor results, but setting this to 120 would be better than the delivered 5 second interval, especially when using a lower value recycle count.