General Biology Quiz 2 Essay Example

General Biology Quiz 2 Essay Credit Quiz 2 1) If two present day living beings are indirectly related in a developmental sense, at that point one ought to anticipate that A) they live in totally different natural surroundings. B) they should share less homologous structures than two all the more firmly related life forms. C) their chromosomes ought to be fundamentally the same as. D) they shared a typical predecessor moderately as of late. E) they ought to be individuals from similar class. 2) Within half a month of treatment with the medication 3TC, a patients HIV populace comprises altogether of 3TC-safe infections. In what capacity would this be able to result best be clarified? A) HIV can change its surface proteins and oppose antibodies. B) The patient more likely than not become reinfected with 3TC-safe infections. C) HIV started making drug-safe renditions of opposite transcriptase in light of the medication. D) A couple of medication safe infections were available toward the beginning of treatment, and normal choice expanded their recurrence. E) The medication made the HIV RNA change. The diagram in Figure 22. 3 portrays four potential examples for the plenitude of 3TC-safe HIV inside a tainted human after some time. Figure 22. 3) If 3TC opposition is exorbitant for HIV, at that point which plot (Iâ€IV) best speaks to the reaction of a strain of 3TC-safe HIV after some time, if 3TC organization starts at the time demonstrated by the bolt? 4) A scientist examined a populace of squirrels for a long time. During that time, the populace was never less than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her information demonstrated that over portion of the squirrels conceived didn't get by to imitate, in view of rivalry for food and predation. We will compose a custom article test on General Biology Quiz 2 explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on General Biology Quiz 2 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on General Biology Quiz 2 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In a solitary age, 90% of the squirrels that were conceived lived to imitate, and the populace expanded to 80. Which inference(s) about this populace may be valid? A) The measure of accessible food may have expanded. B) The quantity of predators may have diminished. C) The squirrels of ensuing ages should show more prominent degrees of hereditary variety than past ages, since squirrels that would not have made due in the past will currently endure. D) An and B just E) A, B, and C 5) Which of these is the littlest unit whereupon regular choice legitimately acts? An) an animal categories quality recurrence B) a populaces quality recurrence C) a people genome D) a people genotype E) a people phenotype 6) Which of these is the littlest unit that normal determination can change? An) an animal varieties quality recurrence B) a populaces quality recurrence C) a people genome D) a people genotype E) a people phenotype In a theoretical populace of 1,000 individuals, trial of blood classification qualities show that 160 have the genotype AA, 480 have the genotype AB, and 360 have the genotype BB. ) What is the recurrence of the B allele? 8) If there are 4,000 kids destined to this age, what number of would be relied upon to have AB blood under the states of Hardy-Weinberg balance? 9) In peas, a quality controls bloom shading with the end goal that R = purple and r = white. In a segregated pea fix, there are 36 purple-blossoming plants and 64 white-blooming plants. Accepting Hardy-Weinberg balance, what is the estimation of q for this populace? 10) In a theoretical circumstance, a specific types of bug takes care of just on pronghorn elands. In rangelands of the western United States, pronghorns and dairy cattle regularly partner with each other. On the off chance that a portion of these bugs build up a solid inclination, rather, for dairy cattle blood and mate just with bugs that, similarly, lean toward cows blood, at that point after some time which of these ought to happen, if the host warm blooded creature can be considered as the bugs natural surroundings? 1. regenerative confinement 2. sympatric speciation 3. living space separation 4. prezygotic obstructions A) 1 just B) 2 and 3 C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 2, 3, and 4 E) 1 through 4

Supply chain exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gracefully chain test - Essay Example The idea of Food Miles was imagined in 1990 by Andrea Paxton in an exploration paper and was additionally explained in a report (Paxton A. 1994), by the SAFE Alliance, presently Sustain, which featured worries over the negative natural and financial effects of expanding transport of food. The subsequent report from Sustain in 1999 (Hird V et each of the 1999) demonstrated a proceeded with pattern in the UK for food to travel further among ranches and shoppers, and featured more contamination from transport, expanded bundling, loss of land and horticultural biodiversity, and more noteworthy utilization of synthetic compounds required in food travel and capacity. It credited the conclusion of numerous little nation shops and disappointment of little scope ranches to the exercises of few incredible retailers ready to source lower-valued food from abroad. The turn of events and use of Food Miles is out of two primary concerns: 1. Ecological concern: further an item voyages, increasingly ozone harming substances (GHG) are discharged 2. Local advancement concern: purchasing food locally animates the nearby economy 1.2 Why the CO-OP should think about it? The CO-OP today is the fifth biggest retailer in UK with 9% piece of the overall industry in the retail part in UK. As a senior player in the retail advertise, it is an ethical obligation of the CO-OP to address the issue which impacts the drawn out business technique as well as the shopper conclusions towards manageability and environmental change. Truth be told, there is a convincing business case for the food business overall to improve vitality productivity and diminish reliance on non-renewable energy source and its comparing outflows. As per a recent report directed by Lippincott Mercer for â€Å"The Carbon Trust† for the UK showcase, the subject of environmental change will undoubtedly get increasingly more significant in the shopper mind. Additionally, and the food and refreshment industry was found to have the most noteworthy hazard (?6.6bn †10% of the all out market estimation) of unmistakable incentive from environmental change. At long last, the CO-OP moral arrangement expresses that â€Å"We will decrease the gross GHG outflows from our activities by 35% by 2017†. Along these lines, handling this issue of â€Å"Food Miles† ought to unmistakably be a need for the CO-OP. 2. â€Å"Food Miles†: The different sides of the coin 2.1 Arguments for embracing â€Å"Food Miles† In request not to be abandoned, there is a case to receive â€Å"Food Miles† in the general business methodology. There is proof that the retailers in UK and worldwide have just begun activities in view of â€Å"Food Miles†: 1. Sainsbury has yearly focuses for outflows decrease, and has expanded (as a major aspect of its low-food miles technique) the extent of items sourced locally to 90% for food that can be developed in the UK. 2. Safeway UK has built up a circula tion framework, acquainting measures with diminish its food miles and the vitality utilization of its armada. 3. In 2005/06, Wal-Mart CEO reported that it intends to support vitality effectiveness, increment natural food deals and lessen GHG emanations by 20% by 2012 around the world. Indeed, even the administration approach appears to have â€Å"Food Miles† idea in the drawn out view. In the Food Industry Sustainability Strategy distributed in 2006, the UK government has proposed key execution markers for food transportation that incorporate street separation voyaged, outflows from land and air transport. At long last, as far as gracefully chain issues,

Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Undertaking - Research Paper Example This is exceptionally huge for students of history and the individuals who look to comprehend their back ground. The sanctuary resembles the morgue sanctuary that was of Ramses the second and is of conventional plan (Wilkinson, 2000). The sanctuary is all around saved and it is encircled by a walled in area of enormous distraught block that could have been sustained. Its unique section is through some sustained door house called Migdal and it looks like an imaginative fortification. Just inside the fenced in area towards the south side are the houses of prayer of Shepenut the second, Nitiqret and Amenirdis the first. the three were titled the Divine Adoratrice of Amun. The principal arch leads to an open yard, which is fixed with huge sculptures that are of Ramses the third as Osiris in one of the sides and on the other are un-cut sections. The subsequent arch leads to a peristyle corridor, again highlighting Ramses the 3rd’s sections. This heads up a slope, which heads to the third arch and afterward to a major hypostyle lobby, one that has lost its rooftop. During Coptic occasions, there used to be a congregation inside the sanctuary structure; anyway it has been evacuate since. There have been changes of the carvings in the fundamental dividers by Coptic Carvings. Along the southern divider, a few ritualistic celebrations have been recorded just as duplicated and the temple’s financial assets that are vital for its usefulness and brought there from the temple’s various belongings that were given to it by the lord during its initiation (Wilkinson, 2000). The first arch where one can see 4 enormous hollows that are planned to hold shafts made of wood, from which Divine Sigmia flew, has been adorned with bas-reliefs that show Ramses the third in a custom slaughter for Asian prisoners’ process before Amun-Re (southern pinnacle) just as Libyan and Nubian detainees before Amun-Re Harakhty (northern pinnacle). On the pylon’s south western side, one may see a scene splendidly outlined, of bull chasing inside the swamps.

Film Style Refers To The Technical Practices Employed Within

Film style refers to the technical practices employed within filmmaking, this includes the use of cinematography, mise-en-scene, dialogue, editing and narrative. Understanding the changes in film style is crucial to examining film in a historical, political and cultural context. In this essay I will be exploring how the coming of sound homogenised filmmaking which resulted in changes in film style. The coming of film sound, transformed an experience which was exclusively visual, to equally audible and â€Å"most filmmakers soon realized [...] that sound, used imaginatively, offered a valuable new stylistic resource† (Thompson and Bordwell, 2009) Despite the popularity of sound production at present, the coming of film sound had a difficult†¦show more content†¦Prior to the coming of sound, actors were chosen based on theatrical performance, which enabled a mix of diversity in silent films as the actors did not need to be American or British, however with the introduction of sound many foreign silent film stars perished into oblivion due to not being able to fulfil voice acting and the new naturalistic acting sound film required. Whilst each of these complications stalled the coming of film sound, the eventual transition from silent to sound led to an immortal change in cinema and some inevitable changes in film style. During the end of the 1920s, the definition of a silent feature proves problematic, due to the slow and blurred transition into sound filmmaking. Films were released with synchronised scores of orchestral music and Foley sound effects, which was soon followed by ‘part talkies’ and ‘full-talkie’ feature films. However, the early examples of silent film style favoured exaggerated acting, expressionist cinematography and extravagant mise-en-scene. Short texts and dialogue were inserted into the film through title cards, which communicated the character’s language. These distinctive film style techniques changed as a result of the coming of film sound, as films began to be created in consideration of sound. Scenes had less cuts and still camera shots, in order to focus on the importance of the character’s dialogue which strayed from the previous importance placed on mise-en-sceneShow MoreRelated Stuart Hall - Encoding and Decoding Essay examples311 1 Words   |  13 PagesUniversities and Left Review, and during the period 1961-64 he taught film and media studies at Chelsea College, London. During the period 1964-79, he taught at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS), Birmingham. Over the years, Paul Corrigan, John Fiske, Dick Hebdige, Angela McRobbie, David Morley, and Paul Willis have worked at the Centre. Hall has always combined activism and theorizing. He says that he has always been within shouting distance of Marx. For example, during the 1950s, heRead MoreIn Comparing Dylan Thomas And Elizabeth Bishop’S Meditation2055 Words   |  9 Pagesare exposed to the most important figure in the piece. Though it seems obvious that the speaker talks about the art of losing as a way to master the art of writing poetry, its mourning process is less overt when employed here. Thus, when she â€Å"lost her mother’s watch†, the speaker refers to a broader concept than just the artifacts presented. A watch, as the gadget for looking at the time, is appropriate to maintain the symmetry of the villanelle; also, if used as a verb, it conveys the meaning ofRead MoreComputer Graphics4299 Words   |  18 Pagesand have revolutionized animation, movies and the video game industry. Overview The term computer graphics has been used in a broad sense to describe almost everything on computers that is not text or sound. Typically, the term computer graphics refers to several different things: †¢ the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer †¢ the various technologies used to create and manipulate images †¢ the images so produced, and †¢ the sub-field of computer science which studies methodsRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesthe business. The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of the films we watch. Starting in 1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount Pictures, over the decade of the 1920s helped to fashion Hollywood into a vertically integrated system, a set of economic innovations which was firmly in place by 1930. ForRead MoreTechnical Obsession And Modernity Of Cinematic Reception5738 Words   |  23 PagesChapter 1 Technical Obsession and Modernity of Cinematic Reception Case Study: The Man with the Movie Camera; The Artist This chapter conducts a comparative study of two films, The Man with the Movie Camera (Vertov, 1929) and The Artist (Hazanavicius, 2011), examining how they reflect cinematic technical developments of the 1920s-1930s. Director Dziga Vertov depicted one day in a Soviet city around ten years after the 1917 October Revolution, which had seen the Czar overthrown and the establishmentRead MoreEthical Issues In Darwin S Nightmare5804 Words   |  24 PagesBuchholtz and Caroll (2008) corporate power refers to the ability or capacity to produce an effect or to bring influence to bear on situation or people and it has different levels and spheres. In case of Darwin’s nightmare the level of power is intermediate or macro, since the main actors are firms based on the fishery on Tanzanian coasts of Lake Victoria and the European Union (EU) which has an increasing market for the fish. The spheres of their power being employed in this case are environmental, economicRead MoreHeavy Metal M usic7270 Words   |  30 Pagesroots inblues-rock  and  psychedelic rock, the bands that created heavy metal developed a thick, massive sound, characterized by highly amplified  distortion, extended guitar solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are generally associated with masculinity and  machismo. The first heavy metal bands such as  Led Zeppelin,  Black Sabbath  and  Deep Purple  attracted large audiences, though they were often critically reviled, a status common throughout the history ofRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesFILM LANGUAGE FILM LANGUAGE A Semiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6Read MoreRosalind Krauss - Photographys Discursive Spaces9350 Words   |  38 PagesDiscursive Spaces: By Rosalind Krauss L et us start with two images, identically titled Tufa Domes, Pyramid Lake, Nevada. The first (Fig. I) is a (recently) celebrated photograph made by Timothy OSullivan in 1868 that functions with special insistence within the art historical construction of nineteenth-century landscape photography. The second (Fig. 2) is a lithographic copy of the first, produced for the publication of Clarence Kings Systematic Geology in 1878. Twentieth-century sensibility welcomesRead MoreKnowledge Transfer From MNC Parent To China Subsidiary9814 Words   |  40 Pagesin established theories, data from the interviews of firms operating in China and other sources help us identify new variables and discover unexpected relationships between variables (Glaser Strauss, 1967). Detailed descriptions of the methods employed in our study are presented next. 1. Methods 1.1. Data sources Our study collected data from three sources: interviews, observation and documentation. The primary data source was interviews. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 83 managers

My Thoughts About Management By Buchbinder Shanks

My thoughts about management are a lot different than the preliminary reading of the textbook, â€Å"Introduction to Health Care Management† By Buchbinder Shanks (2011). The text suggests that a leader had an inherent trait (i.e., ethnicity, gender, body structure), and did not consider the characteristics of an individual. It is hard to imagine that such an idea could have ever existed, but from a historical viewpoint, it is required to know how things began. Fast forward, a century, I learned that companies discovered that leadership could be designed according to a certain mindset and ideas. From this reading, I acquired the most knowledge about leadership through the categorical contemporary model. The contemporary model focused on†¦show more content†¦The level of service that he provided went beyond ordinary. He was very meticulous and never careless in the way he managed his department. For instance, in dispensing medication, it required assiduousness an d diligence, both of which he demonstrated every day. Not only were the customers a priority he was supportive to both staff members and colleague. His ability to reassure and to empower his subordinates was exceptional. He supported staff members through continued education opportunities, which achieved a goal of having his staff interact better with consumers. Hence, his interpersonal skills allowed him to communicate effectively with both his peers and subordinates, no matter the circumstance. Furthermore, his demonstrated effective communication skills by listening and directing his subordinates He modeled well the ability to work with other and set the expectation of how he wanted his department to function. Furthermore, his ability to reassure and to empower his subordinates was exceptional. He implemented computer training for the work staff continuously. His leadership and thoroughness were both reliable and significant in making the entire work environment well organized. Another element implemented into the pharmacy was the use of the electronic medical record system, which provided access to the patients’ medical history and physician collaboration. The different method implemented in the work setting

The Fed And Interest Rates (1094 words) Essay Example For Students

The Fed And Interest Rates (1094 words) Essay The Fed and Interest RatesDave Pettit of The Wall Street Journal writes a daily column thatappears inside the first page of the journals Money ; Investmentsection. If the headlines of Mr. Pettits daily column are any accuraterecord of economic concerns and current issues in the business world,the late weeks of March and the early weeks of April in 1994 wereintensely concerned with interest rates. To quote, Industrials Edge Up4.32 Points Amid Caution on Interest Rates, and Industrials Track On13.53 Points Despite Interest-Rate Concerns. Why such a concern withinterest rates? A week before, in the last week of March, the Fed hadpushed up the short-term rates. This being the first increase in almostfive years, it caused quite a stir. When the Fed decides the economy is growing at too quick a pace, orinflation is getting out of hand, it can take actions to slow spendingand decrease the money supply. This corresponding with the moneyequation MV = PY, by lowering both M and V, P and Y can stabilize ifthey are increasing too rapidly. The Fed does this by sellingsecurities on the open market. This, in turn, reduces banks reservesand forces the interest rate to rise so the banks can afford to makeloans. People seeing these rises in rates will tend to sell their lowinterest assets, in order to acquire additional money, they tend movetoward higher yielding accounts, also further increasing the rate. Soonthis small change by the Fed affects all aspects of business, from theprice level to interest rates on credit cards. Rises and falls in the interest rate can reflect many changes in aneconomy. When the economy is in a recession and needs a type ofstimulus package, the Fed may attempt to decrease the interest rates toencourage growth and spending in the markets. This was the case from1989 until last month, during which the nations economy was generallyconsidered to be in a slight to moderate recession. During this periodthe Fed tried to keep interest rates low to facilitate growth andspending in hard times. However, when inflation is increasing tooquickly and the economy is gaining strength, the Fed will attempt toraise rates, as it did late last March. This can be considered a signthat we are pulling out of the recession, or atleast it seems the Fedfeels the recession of the early nineties is ending. Directly after the Feds actions, the stock market was a mess. The Dowtook huge dips, falling as much as 50 points a day. Although no oneknows exactly what influences the market, the increase in interest ratesplayed a major role in this craziness. Mr. Pettits column on March25th highlights, Industrials Slide 48.37, Mr. Pettit attributes alarge portion of the markets tailspin at this time to, Risinginterest rates at home. It is certainly no coincidence that these twoevents happened at the same time. Alan Greenspan, the current chairman of the Fed comes under greatattack and praise with every move the Fed makes. He is, in a sense, theembodiment of the Fed. He has been in charge of the Fed since 1987. Some economists blame him for the recession of the early nineties. Hisinfluence on the interest rates as chairman of the Fed is monumental. It is his combined job as the Fed to steer the economy in a balancedmanner that does not yield too much to inflation and to keep growthsteady. Predictably, most economists are back seat drivers when itcomes to watching the actions of Allen Greenspan, and they tend to feelthey could much more successfully manage the economy than he. Many alsoagree with his tactics, so it is a two way street on which the chairmanis forced to drive. .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2 , .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2 .postImageUrl , .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2 , .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2:hover , .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2:visited , .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2:active { border:0!important; } .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2:active , .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2 .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaf992ce25d6698cfa70f7db9550cefd2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Today the Mexican agriculture is in transition. Th EssayIt seems that not only the analysts are in disagreement of how the fedshould operate, but interestingly enough, the internal policy makersseem to also disagree on what stance the Fed should take. Some of theinternal policy makers are interested in making a more substantialincrease now, while others opt for a more conservative approach, wherethe market can be tested for both good and bad influences from the rateincreases. Allen Greenspan is one of this more conservative group, andit is he is critisized by some for the irradic behavior in the stockmarket as of late. The equilibrium that the Fed is looking for occurs when an interestrate is set that makes the quantity of real money available be willinglyheld. Because this is such a delicate system this equilibrium isnever exactly met, and the Feds job is to try to keep the market at ornear this form of equilibrium. Unfortunately this case is never exactlymet, and the market can easily suffer because of it. Summary of Articles:US News (Late March 1994) Interest Rates: The Fed Strikes AgainThis article covers a brief explanation of exactly what the Fed did,covering the major factors and influences of the Feds actions. It paysspecial attention on the issue of inflation, and how differentforecasters will interpret the Feds actions. Overall, this articlegives the reader a good understanding of what took place, and whatrepercussions are likely to come about because of it. The Wall Street Journal (Mon. March 28, 1994) Fed Was Divided on Rate-Rise Size Voted in FebruaryThis article shows an interesting perspective of the Fed. It discussesthe fact that the Feds policy makers were somewhat split between thosewho were looking for a slight increase as opposed to one of somewhatgreater magnitude. This article is interesting because it shows thateven the Fed can be uncertain about what is best for the economy, but itstill focuses on the power of Allen Greenspan, as well as the committeeas a whole. It compares the two arguments of each method, and shows aweakness in the Fed that may have been unknown to the reader before. The Wall Street Journal (Mon. April 11, 1994) Fed Moved Too Slow On Increasing RatesThis recent article criticizes the Feds actions in raising theinterest rate, and complains that the Fed has fallen behind in itsjob. It discusses the plan for a Neutral policy and what the Fed hastried to do and not do to maintain this so called policy. It argues themotives and reasons for wanting a lower interest rate and compares pastdecades to todays standings. Overall it focuses deeply on the need tocheck inflation and if it is valid. It shows that the Fed tends to takea more conservative approach to the economy than some analysts wouldprefer, but that the Fed will probably continue to raise interest rates.

Neuro Lab Report Essay Example

Neuro Lab Report Paper We no longer observed an increase in peak of action potential trace at the 3. 5 Voltage. Activity 2-4: 1. What did you observe when the glass rod contacted the nerve? The glass rod contacted the nerve there was an instant deflection of the line. There was action potential on the oscilloscope. When 1. How does this tracing compare with the other tracings you have generated? The tracing was the exact same outcome as the other tracings except there was no added voltage only the addition of the glass rod. 3. What did you observe when the heated glass rod contacted the nerve? There was an instant deflection of the line similar to the line caused by the heated glass rod. Non- 4. How does this trace compare to the trace that we generated with the unheated glass rod? The tracing of the heated glass rod on the nerve was slightly a bit higher at tracing of its maximum peak and slightly lower at the lowest peak than the of the non heated glass rod. Acid 5. What did you observe when you added sodium chloride and hydrochloric solutions to the nerve? Once sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid solutions were added to the nerve there was a deflection of the line and caused action potential. Summarize your experimental results: What kinds of stimuli can elicit an action potential? Any stimuli that can reach above the 3 Voltage can elicit an action potential . Activity 5: 1. What are the effects of ether on the nerve? The effects of the ether on the nerve is that it causes the nerve to have no action potential. 1. How long did it take for the nerve to return to normal ? It took the nerve 6 minutes to return back to normal. Activity 6: 1. What effect did adding curare have on the action potential? Effect of adding curare was that it created action potential to the nerve. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Explain this effect. The It The effect of curare is paralyzing the action potential of the nerve. Interferes with the neuromuscular junction, it interferes with the Acetic Cooling and it depilatories it. 1. What do you think would be the overall effect of curare on the organism The overall effect of the curare on the organism is that it prevents the flow neuron impulses from neuron to neuron. Activity 7: 1. Does adding loading to the nerve generate an action potential? Adding loading does not generate action potential. 1. Explain why loading has this effect on nerve fiber transmission.

UFOs essays

UFO's essays Unidentified Flying Objects (Commonly called UFOs) have been around since biblical times, one such famous case is Ezekiels Wheel, a sighting identified by a Christian prophet as a group of four angels joined at the feet descending from the heavens in a divine light. Sightings such as these are known today by UFOlogists as atmospheric phenomenon (AP for short) and account for the bulk of UFO sightings. Ezekiel's wheel can be seen every so often on a clear night, a solar flare of certain strength causes the Aurora Borealis to appear this way. Over 90% of the cases reviewed in the first study of UFOs by various U.S. government agencies and private interest groups have supported this fact. Ball lightning, meteorites, swarms of high altitude ice crystals and bright planets have all been misinterpreted as extraterrestrial aircraft silently pulsing through the sky. However, there has still been no explanation for the last 10%, and the argument still goes on today. Is it a new top s ecret military plane? Is it some sort of AP modern science cannot explain? Is it aliens from another planet? These questions cannot be answered as of yet. A veil of mystery surrounds UFOs, it was dropped 1969, when the U.S. officially declared its disinterest in the UFO phenomenon. However, the field of UFOlogy is persistent in its search for the truth, and the information it has yielded gives a good, objective view of the UFO phenomenon. The U.S. government has declassified a vast amount of documents pertaining to its three major studies of UFOs: PROJECT: SIGN, PROJECT GRUDGE, AND PROJECT: BLUEBOOK. These documents were classified due to various national security reasons, but were opened to the public following the Freedom of Information Act and have been the bread and butter of serious UFO research. As the study of UFOs continues into the 21st century, no solid, educated, credible, supported statement can yet be made about the ...

Multinationals-Exploiting attributes of different locations Essay

Multinationals-Exploiting attributes of different locations - Essay Example Foreign Direct Investment in many developing countries have stunted the growth of indigenous industries and also resulted in large scale exploitation of the resources of that particular region. Political Economy-cases and methods of multinational exploitation Multinational companies principally exploit the attributes of different locations either by following labour laws that do not reflect the current sentiment in the market or by monopolising the market in such a way that competition from the native country is slowly relegated. Unfair practices in cahoots with the government also result in large scale exploitation of natural resources. Some of the cases and theories of exploitation by multinationals have been discussed. 1. One case study of the garment industry from around the world is carried out to ascertain the working conditions of those employed in this industry. The industrial term for such factories are ‘sweatshops’ which employ workers at low wages and force th em to work in unhygienic conditions for a long period of time. It is said that the garment industry in Central America employs 80% women between the age group of 14-26. At Doall, a Korean company operating in El Salvador that makes the famous LizWear and Liz Claiborne fashions; women are made to work from 6.50 am to 10.30 pm with two half hour breaks, one for lunch and the other for dinner. (VIDEA, 2000 ) In the rush hour months they have to work for 7 days week clocking roughly 90 hours. To prevent them from sleeping, the company also encourages them to take a ‘No Doze’ pill which is a highly unethical practice. For the first eight hours these workers are paid 60 cents an hour and 1.20 dollars per hour as overtime. To sum up a worker would be paid 8.40 dollars for an arduous 11 hour shift which is considered far below the minimum wage requirement. (VIDEA, 2000) The Liz Claiborne collection is, however, marketed as very modern, fashionable and sophisticated dress around the world. However if indications are to show the working conditions at the Doall factory in El Salvador is anything but sophisticated. Apart from low wages, the working conditions are pathetic. Air that is full of dust and lint cause breathing problems, skin rashes and other kind of allergies. Bathroom breaks are limited and workers are obligated to work overtime. Failure to adhere to these norms results in suspension or withholding of ‘attendance’ bonuses. Apart from these excesses, new workers are forced to take blood and pregnancy tests to prevent employing pregnant women. Women in the ironing and cleaning sections are forced to stand all day causing inflammation in the feet and working ambience is especially unpleasant with supervisors yelling at them for not being able to meet targets. (VIDEA, 2000) Employers know that any kind of trade unionism with the nature of work involved would cause severe problems for the company. Hence any kind of activity to that effect either by way of organization or by distributing trade union literature is considered subversive. Studies carried out by National Interfaith Committee for Worker Justice Workers in factories of Lavapant, Vaqueros and Cantabria indicate that workers were not paid overtime even though they had worked over 60 hours. This is in violation to the Mexican

Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Analysis - Case Study Example From the first analysis and using the x-factor tool given to evaluate different possibilities it is observed that when the sales is at 422,733 million, the cost of goods sold is directly affected at 38% million , the cost of goods sold is directly affected at 38% million , the cost of goods sold is directly affected at 38% million. On the other hand, the cost of goods sold is directly affected at 38% to be 160,639 million. For a business to operate there are operating expenses that always has to be incurred. These include rent, internet, transport, flights, advertising, airtime among other things. These factors are consolidated into operating expenses which in this scenario is directly affected by sales at 50% meaning that half of the operating expenses are geared towards sales. As the sensitivity analysis tool suggest, when cost of goods sold is 35% of sales, the company runs into a profit of 28,787million but when the cost of goods sold is at 45% of sales the company runs into a debt of 2102 million. This happens since the company is having a lot of spending to increase sales. The breaking point ratio is at 44% of sales since no debt is made and the company has 987 excess cash for the company. Therefore the company should at least invest 200 million to offset this change. One of the assumptions made in this analysis is that interest expense is directly affected by the debt the company has. The second assumption is that the debt majorly consists of loan i.e. both long term and short term loans. Another assumption is that sales do not vary at this point and that incase it does, the effect is insignificant. In addition the current assets are also deemed a factor that affects debt and excess income in the company. There is also an assumption that total assets less total liability will give a balancing figure which will either result to a debt or an income. Moreover, we

Interpretative Reading in Thailand Essay Example for Free

Interpretative Reading in Thailand Essay Introduction Interpretative reading can be defined as the analysis of literary texts and subsequent enunciation of those texts. It is also sometimes called dramatic reading and relies on the reader’s voice to convey the emotion, drama and imagery of a narrative without actually acting it out. A good interpretative reader must possess a number of vocal skills such as the ability to control vocal tone, volume, pace and inflection to accurately communicate meaning and build drama. In addition to clear articulation and correct pronunciation, which are paramount to the audience’s understanding, the reader must have an in depth understanding of the text in order to produce a meaningful interpretation of it. In other words the narrator needs to be able to know the characters, imagine their backgrounds and feel their emotions to be believable. Good interpretive reading is a difficult skill even for native speakers to master and takes preparation and plenty of practice; however, for a student in the Thai education system faces a number of distinct disadvantages in becoming a proficient interpretative reader. To begin with the languages of Thai and English are very different. We have different stress patterns on words and there are sounds in English which don’t exist in Thai, both of which make clear pronunciation challenging for students and although many Thai schools now employ native speaking English teachers who are able to model correct pronunciation and natural rhythm, lots of Thai students lack confidence and have little opportunity to practice English outside of their classroom. In addition, English uses intonation to convey different meanings and emotions whereas Thai uses a fixed tone for each word so it is often hard for a Thai student to express emotions like sarcasm or disbelief through inflection even when they recognize the need to do so. Another barrier for many Thai students, aside from the enunciation, is actually understanding the text well enough to interpret it. This depends upon, not only the student’s knowledge of English language and ability to follow the plot but also on previous personal, educational and cultural experience that influence the way the narrative is interpreted. A student lacking exposure to western culture and a deeper understanding of the social norms, stereotypes and cultural issues surrounding a text might struggle with a credible portrayal of characters and personation. These factors coupled with a general lack of focus on key reading skills leave Thai students at a distinct disadvantage when it comes to dramatic reading abilities. So, how do we assess the state of Thai interpretive reading? Do we take into account the many disadvantages that Thai students face in learning to read expressively and if so what criteria is it fair to judge them on? After some research into the rubric schools overseas use to evaluate students’ interpretive reading skills we decided to base our assessment on the following criteria:- Pace. The speed at which a reader speaks, increasing speed creates drama and intensity. Pause. The lingering of the voice on, before or after a word for dramatic effect. Volume. Adds emphasis or fullness of tone. It can be used with other forms of emphasis to exaggerate emphasis. Melody. The wave-like change in voice pitch depends on the reader recognizing the relative importance of words in the text. Inflection. The bending of the voice from the main pitch up or down. Personation. The reader’s interpretation of the character. Pitch. The degree of highness or lowness to a tone adds more subtle emphasis. Confidence. How comfortable is the speaker with reading aloud the text. The readers pace, volume and use of pause are techniques that can be used to emphasize mood or add drama but in the case of a non native speaker an overly loud or quiet reading could be due to nervousness and a pause or change in pace could be due to not understanding a word or not knowing how to pronounce it. These things, in turn, can affect the other factors we will be evaluating. With this in mind we will be focusing on the deviations from normal patterns in each of these categories and trying to find any correlations. Conducting the research and investigation To better understand how well a Thai may use the techniques associated with interpretative reading we needed to hear some examples. We selected a number of Thai students to read a set part of a chapter from a book and recorded them to analyse their interpretative reading skills. The material chosen was chapter one from ‘The Monkey King’ a stage one young reader by Rosie Dickins. The chapter was broken into 5 separate parts for the students to read. The level one reader was chosen to accommodate all students and focus on their reading skills rather than their comprehension of the text. The students’ ages and levels of English ranged from, six to eighteen years old, and Beginner to Advanced. By having such a wide range of readers we will be able to see if there are any reoccurring problems across all levels and ages or if there are any surprising results. Before the students were recorded they were each given different parts of the chapter to familiarise themselves with what they were going to read. This is to again focus on their interpretation of the text and to let them question any pronunciation of any unfamiliar words. In addition to that when the text was handed to the students, it was explained to them that they have to read it as if they were telling a story to someone, and they do not want this person to fall asleep. Also, an example of interpretative reading of a text, other than their own, was then given to the students to make sure that they fully understood what they had to do. To do good interpretative reading, the text has to be fully understood, it is the key for good reading, so all the parts that they did not understand was read to them and explained again before they did the task. Some of the younger students did not really understand how to read the text like they were telling a story, so some parts of the text was read to them showing the change in voice pitch and intonation, as one would do for interpretive reading. They then caught on to what was needed. The most difficult part was that many of the younger ones were nervous and shy, which is normal for some children who have to read text which is not in their native language. They were mostly nervous because of being placed in front of a laptop computer, and about their pronunciation. It was made clear to them that pronunciation was not the point of the research and that it was not a big deal if they did make some mistakes, but that the most important thing was the way they interpret the text, and that it has to be understood. It was noticed that they did understand it since they all wrote some Thai notes on the text which seemed to be translations. Then, finally it was for them to forget their nerves and read the text. The students were then recorded reading their parts which were later analysed, considering the younger students reading level, they did quite well. Analysing the results Once we had the recordings of the brave students that took part in our research, the analysis could be carried out. We went through the recordings with a fine toothcomb, and complied the results into a chart. In this chart, as can be seen in fig. 1. 2, the students were rated on their performance. They were judged on numerous criteria which include melody, speed, volume, pauses, inflection, personation, pitch and confidence. These eight criteria were marked as poor, fair, good, very good or excellent. We took into account their age group and reading skill level when judging them. Once the chart was completed, the graphs were made to clearly show which of the students’ skills were strong and which skills were weak (fig. 2. 1 – 2. 8). On the whole they performed better than expected, although there were obvious inflections, changes of pitch in odd places that Thais often make mistakes with when interpretive reading. We had spoken about this before the experiment had even begun, so it was to be expected. The results of the experiment showed that most of the students had a very good grasp of the pace that the text should be read at (see fig. 2. 2). In addition, most of them read the text at a decent volume; and all of the students were audible (see fig. 2. 3). It was obvious which students have had a lot of practice reading because of their melody, and the way it flowed throughout their reading (see fig. 2. 1). These students are also the ones that were given good marks in inflection; pitch and confidence (see fig. 2. 5, 2. 7, and 2. 8). One of the areas in which most of the students did not do very well was the pauses, as it seemed as if they were in the wrong places and there did not seem to be enough of them (see fig. 2. 4). Finally, the worst area by far was the personation or interpretation of the characters in the story. Most of the students did not even change the pitch or melody of their voice when reading the direct speech and those that did change the pitch of their voice did not put on any kind of exciting voice (see fig. 2. 6). From the results, we have seen that generally the standard of interpretative reading is at a fair level, usually respective of the student’s level of English. However, there were certain issues and certain elements of their reading which are necessary to try and eliminate to help improve their interpretative reading. The highest level of reading was from a student who could be considered the student with the highest level of general English. This was mainly due to his immediate in-depth understanding of the text. He was able to employ pauses in appropriate places such as full stops, commas, but also using them for dramatic effect as in adjective lists or after adverbs. He also had a strong use of melody in how he read. The best skill he used which set his reading above the rest was his use of personation on the characters voices. Some other students were able to produce a similarly high standard of reading and once again these students can be identified as the ones with the best overall English language skills. Some of these good examples were from the M3 level. Despite them being at a high level of general English some of the elements they employed in their reading was something that could be said was found in all readings at this level but not as frequent. One of these is the students’ use of force on unstressed syllables. This was more common at the end of words which contained specific sounds. This was seen in words such as monKEY and heavenLY, adding extra force to the /i? / sound, and gardeNER, giving force to the /? /. There is also another issue that was common at the end of words. This was the dropping of sounds or in some case whole syllables. This was most evident in plural nouns and ed sounds at the end of verbs. For example, peachES, leavES, soldierS, pronounced as /? z/, /z/, and /s/ which were generally dropped from the words all together especially the /? z/ sound. Further to this the /? d/, /d/, and /t/ sounds in words such as, boastED, stormED, and snappED, were particularly a problem. As we looked down the levels of general English skills we saw problems more identified with that level rather than an overall picture of Thai speakers and these problems ultimately determined how well of a reader we believed them to be. One such problem was melody. English being a very musical language requires the reader to know the importance of stressed and unstressed words within the sentence. The result was mainly a flat sentence giving equal stress to prepositions and articles, to nouns and verbs. This disrupted the usual flow of the English language. The pause was another problem but was a more obvious one. There are certain positions within a reading where a pause must be used, such as full stops and commas and without these pauses the reading can sounds unnatural. This wasn’t throughout the text but only in some places is enough to give a breathless effect. The above mentioned issues were the most common throughout all the readers but there were some individual mistakes present as well. For example, the rising inflection or falling inflection mid-sentence, giving a different meaning to the sentence as a whole. We believe that vocabulary knowledge is of great importance in the way we set up the experiment. Although the material used for the reading is said to be a level one reader this does not mean that all the students are able to fully understand all the words in the text and their subsequent effect on the way the text should be read. From the six steps of analysis it is stated that a reader should be able to read the text line by line fully understanding the text, to understand the theme, and importantly take the text away and practice. With the limited time available with the students it was not possible to allow them to take the text home, study it, and perhaps translate the words to understand their meaning. Therefore, the students with the greatest range of vocabulary were the students with the better examples of interpretative reading. In regards to the common use of what we considered to be their wrongful employment of interpretative reading skills, we tried to identify a possible reason for each case. Firstly, the use of force at the end of words containing /i? / and /? / we believe to be a problem that is associated with the Thai language. Generally, these sounds at the end of words are stressed in the Thai language while unstressed in English, and so they are mixing up the two languages. In contrast to this is the students’ lack of plural and ed sounds at the end of words. Due to the fact that they are not pronounced at the end of words in the Thai language, the students’ would transfer this over to the English language and drop them from the English words. The students’ lack of melody could be also to do with being Thai language native speakers. The musical rhythm of the English language requires the use of melody by stressing words in certain ways within a sentence. The Thai language, however, does not have melody in a sentence as a whole and so the reading was flat as oppose to rising and falling, strong and weak. The lack of pauses in some instances has more to do with the individual reader and with practice could easily be eliminated. Conclusion In conclusion, Thai teachers need to provide more speaking time for the students so that they can learn the rhythm of the English language. This can be achieved by giving the students more access to a native speaker’s spoken word. Some suggestions for this would be to have the students do more role-play exercises in the classroom impersonating different characters from a book. Also trying to imitate character’s voices from a movie or from television programmes would be a great way to master their personation technique. A game could be made out of this where the students have to guess who another student is trying to imitate. Another way to help Thai students might be to get them to listen to other well known interpretive readers while they are reading along to the story themselves to get an understanding of how it is done well. Interpretive Reading for Thai Students By Drew Eaglesham Timothy Parker Sarah Pratley Victor Deville-Blumberg EN202 Interpretative Reading.

The Cosquer Cave Discovery :: Antrhopology

The Cosquer Cave Discovery A long, long time ago, 27,000 years ago to be exact, during the glacial period, glaciers over a kilometer deep spanned the country of France from the Alps to the Haute Provence. These glaciers held so much water that they caused the sea level in the Mediterranean Sea to drop well over 100 meters. Prehistoric humans found the entrance to Cosquer cave not far from the seashore and some entered to paint inside it. During this time, men created wonderful pictures on the walls of the cave. But, as the earth warmed up, the sea level began to rise and 17,000 years later the entry to Cosquer cave was completely underwater. The water continued to rise and at present time the cave’s entrance is 37 meters below the level of the sea. This is the incredible story of Cosquer Cave and its discovery. It was a discovery so unexpected that it was believed to be a deception. Read on as I share with you my own discoveries as I, have explored Cosquer Cave. In 1991, a diver by the name of Henri Cosquer from Cassis discovered the cave that is now named for him. His discovery was so extraordinary and unexpected that some scientists believed it to be a deception or very probably a farce. But soon after his discovery scientists using modern procedures performed datings that confirmed Cosquer’s discovery. Henri Cosquer had discovered and important archeological site! The cave is located at Cape Morgiou in the Calanques, near Marseilles. Underwater access to the cave is extremely treacherous, taking explorers through a tunnel 175 meters in length and 37 meters under sea level. As a safety precaution and in order to preserve the site, the entry passage to the cave has now been blocked. However, a three-dimensional reproduction of the cave was created by Electricite de France, allowing a â€Å"virtual visit.† Past dives organized by the French Ministry of Culture have revealed the cave walls to be decorated with a variety of land animals including horses, ibex, shamois, bison, wild ox, megaloceros, and red deer.

Code Switching Essay

Abstract: Though codeswitching research may vary from context to context and situation to situation, the common factors for code switching will be threefold. That is, code switching deals with languages in contact. In interactive social situations code switching will be the use of more than one language For example the interaction during various social events involving interlocutors who know more than one language. With these common factors of code switching this paper looks into the Malaysian context with special thrust to the various reasons involved for code switching during the social interactions. Data for the present paper were collected from the Tamil speaking undergraduate students of the University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Their interaction in different identified domains involving three languages viz. Tamil, Malay and English were looked into. Gumperz (1982) while discussing the communicative function of code switching, claims that the speaker plays upon the connection of the we-code to create conversational effect. Thus code switching is seen as fulfilling the relational and referential functions of language that amounts to effective communication and interlingual unity. Apart from this function of code switching ,this paper could identifies several other reasons for code switching in the situations under study. Communicative functions and Reasons for Codeswitching : Malaysian Perspective . Code switching is an everyday reality in every place where more than one language is spoken in everyday communications. Many scholars have studied  extensively about the patterns of code switching and the reasons for code switching. The present paper discusses the communicative functions of code switching and also the sociolinguistic, cultural and pedagogic reasons for code switching in the Malaysian context. Data for the present study were collected from Tamil speaking University students who have enrolled as undergraduate students in the University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. The data were collected from these students while they were interacting in different domains viz. classroom, university campus, family, market, neighborhood etc. In all these domains they have to interact with Malay and Chinese speakers apart from as well as with other Tamil speakers. It is observed that all the students from whom the data were collected are competent to a certain extent in Tamil, Malay and English. Communicative Functions of Codeswitching Gumperz (1982) when discussing communicative functions, mentions the discourse function of codeswitching, also called the personalization function of language. A speaker plays upon the connotation of the we-code to create a conversational effect. Thus, code switching is seen as fulfilling the relational and referential function of language that amounts to effective communication and interlingual unity. Halliday (1975) on the other hand, views code switching as fulfilling the interpersonal function of communication. Here the mixed language spoken plays the role of a mediator. In other words, it is the use of language to act as a mediator between self and participants in the communicative event. In fulfilling the relational and referential functions, code switching is seen as the medium to convey both social and linguistic meanings. Gumperz (pg. 144, 1982) lists examples of situations created to convey meaning as given below: to appeal to the literate to appeal to the illiterate to convey precise meaning to ease communication, i.e., utilizing the shortest and the easiest route to negotiate with greater authority to capture attention, i.e. stylistic, emphatic, emotional to emphasize a point to communicate more effectively to identify with a particular group to close the status gap to establish goodwill and support Karen Kow (2003) listed in her article a few possible conditions for code switching. Some of the conditions given are, lack of one word in either language Some activities have only been experienced in one of the languages Some concepts are easier to express in one of the languages A misunderstanding has to be clarified One wishes to create a certain communication effect One continues to speak the language latest used because of the trigger effect One wants to make a point One wishes to express group solidarity One wishes to exclude another person from the dialogue. Kow suggests that from the list above, it may be possible to predict which conditions act on a particular sociolinguistic context for codeswitching, for example, when a person who lacks a word in English due to limited vocabulary code switches by using the lexical component from his/her first language instead of English. Therefore, the function here is to overcome the language barrier to meaning-making. Another example is a condition where the speaker, intending to express group solidarity, employs code switching. The function for the switch in this case is to establish goodwill and rapport. Similarly series of conditions can be established for the phenomenon of code switching depending on the social context. Such communicative functions of codeswitching can also be listed according to the functions that they try to accomplish. Among these, the following ten functions have been described in the professional literature (Malik, 1994): Lack of Facility Lack of Register Mood of the Speaker To emphasize a point Habitual Experience Semantic significance To show identity with a group To address a different audience Pragmatic reasons To attract attention. 1. Lack of facility : According to Malik (1994), bilinguals or multilinguals often explain that they code switch when they cannot find an appropriate expression or vocabulary item or when the language of conversation does not have the particular word needed to carry on the conversation smoothly. He offers the example of â€Å"Charan Sparsh† (touching feet) that does not convey the same meaning in the speaker’s code as it does in Hindi. The reason for switching may however be culturally conditioned and David (2003) notes that an alien concept often has a speaker switch to the language from which the concept is borrowed. For example, like the lexical item social drinker in English that is unacceptable in a Malay situation because of the simple fact that drinking alcohol is prohibited in Islam and the Malay-Muslim world does not have a word for it that is equivalent to its meaning in English. Hence, the phrase social drinker is directly borrowed and used as an instance of phrase level mixing as in the following example: Saya difahamkan bahawa OKS jarang minum, hanya seorang social drinker [I understand that OKS seldom drinks, he is only a social drinker] 2. Lack of register: When speakers are not equally competent in two languages and when the speakers do not know the terms in two languages, then codeswitching occurs. For example, college students often code switch by moving from Hindi to English. In certain occupations code switching takes place in the speech of doctors, lawyers, engineers while they interact among  themselves owing to the fact that proper terms in Hindi or in any other language other than English may not be available to them. As a result, they utilize the English terminology that they are familiar with. Thus, one can identify a great deal of lexical code mixing. As David (2003) notes, it is vital for a courtroom setting in Malaysia that a specific terminology be used to refer correctly to an object or a character. The use of the exact terminology or vocabulary is important in this setting when the terminology plays an important role and has the potentiality to make a major impact on life and death, freedom or imprisonment. Therefore, whichever the code is that enables the speaker to get his/her exact meaning across will be the one that is acceptable to the interactants including one where language mixing occurs. The following example cited by David is to the point: Ujian alcohol telah dijalankan iaitu breath analyzer test. [The alcohol test was conducted, i.e., a breath analyzer test] The term breath analyzer is in English rather than in the matrix language, Bahasa Malaysia, simply because of its context-bound significance. 3. Mood of the speaker: Malik (1994) claims that usually when bilinguals are tired or angry, code switching takes place with a new dimension. This means, when the speaker is in the right state of mind, he/she can find the appropriate word or expression in the base language. Very often he/she knows exactly the word in both the languages (X and Y) but the language Y may be more available at the point of time when the speaker has a disturbed mind. Such circumstances may create a hurdle in getting the appropriate word or phrase in the language in which the speaker may be more proficient if he is not mentally agitated. 4. To emphasize a point: Switching is also used to emphasize a point. Gal (1979) reports several instances in which a switch at the end of an argument not only helps to end the interaction but may serve to emphasize a point.  She has taken an example from English/German code switching and stressed that switching from English to German is a means of adding more force to the statement. Meanwhile, David (2003) uses the courtroom environment to show how a defending lawyer uses dominant Bahasa Malaysia to start with and shifts to English to emphasize an important point to the judge that the accused had not committed any crime for 10 years. Sebelum ini OKT pernah ditangkap pada tahun 1975 dan 1986. There has been a 10 years gap since the last offence Semenjak itu OKT telah berumahtangga, mempunyai kerja tetap dan insaf†. [Before this, OKT was caught in 1975 and 1986†¦..since then OKT has married and has held a steady job] 5. Habitual experience: Malik.(1994) stresses the fact that code switching often occurs in fixed phrases of greeting and parting, commands and request, invitation, expressions of gratitude and discourse markers such as Oyes (listen), you know or pero (but), whereas Hoffman (1971) reports that in Puerto Rican homes, the mother gives short commands to their children in English, such as Don’t do that†¦. and the rest of the mother’s warning will be in Spanish. David (2003), in turn, cites an example of habitual mixed discourse in a Malaysian courtroom where the dominant or matrix language is Bahasa Malaysia: Kes merupakan arrest case atau kes saman? [Is this an arrest case or a summons case?] 6. Semantic significance: Malik (1994), Gumperz (1970, 1976, 1982), and Gumperz and Hernandez (1972) all stresses that switching at a particular moment conveys semantically significant information. It is a communicative resource that builds on participant’s perception of two languages. Lexical choice conveys meaning during codeswitching. Gal (1979) reinforced this view by stating that listeners interpret codeswitching as an indicator of the speaker’s attitude, or communicative intents and emotions as code switching is a tool for conveying appropriate linguistic and social information. By the same token, David (2003) describes a range of speech acts like reprimands, directives, requests, and warnings that are conveyed by using different intricate strategies to show the semantic significance in certain specific situations. It is not only the lawyer who code switches, but also the judge. The example below shows how a judge shifts from Bahasa Malaysia, the national language and the official language at Malaysian courts, to English as a face saving gesture: Kenapa kamu tak setuju, panggilan pertama telah dijawab oleh BG Boy dan dah tentu Das mesti menanya di manakah BG Boy berada? Kamu tak faham soalan, saya maksudkan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [Why don’t you agree – Bg Boy responded to the first call and surely Dos asked where he was ? You do not understand the question, I mean†¦.] 7. To show identity with a group: Di Pietro (1977) reports that Italian immigrants would tell a joke in English and give the punch line in Italian, not only because it was better said in Italian but also to stress the fact that they all belong to the same minority group, with shared values and experiences (cited in Malik, 1994). 8. To address a different audience: Malik (1994) states that code switching is also used when the speaker intends to address people coming from various linguistic backgrounds. For example, in India the television announcer often uses Hindi as it is the national language but also switches to English. Also, he often repeats the same in English for South Indians or Indian people who do not know Hindi. Similar types of situations have also been reported in some other settings. Linguistic reinforcement often takes place even in courts, according to David (2003) where counsels tend to speak to a number of different interlocutors at the same time. During such occasions obviously they mix codes or switch codes accordint to the ethnicity of the addressee. One reason for such use of mixed languages is to address simultaneously persons from different linguistic backgrounds. Also, the speaker clearly distinguishes whom he/she addresses and what should be communicated. Hence,  the speaker uses part of the sentence in one language and the other part in another language. In the example below the lawyer used a mixed discourse of English/Malay, and the part of his utterance in English is directed to the judge and the other in Malay is meant for the witness. Objection, ada dua fakta di sini.The facts of the chart sheet are clear; it is a clear indication of misinformation. mana satu nak jawab? [Objection, there are two facts here. The facts of the chart sheet are clear; it’s a clear indication of misinformation. Which one do you want to answer?] The code switch is important as the judgment is dependent on the argument of the lawyer

Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe - 1515 Words

Change is a natural process that triggers the evolution of human societies; it is the continuous eradication of traditions that are replaced by the new. Chinua Achebe’s ‘Things Fall Apart’ (TFA), a novel written in 1958, explores the gradual transformation of the Ibo culture as a result of colonialism and also the attitudes the people of Umoufia developed when exposed to foreign ideologies; the change was either accepted or resisted. Peter Skrzynecki’s ‘Crossing The Red Sea’ (CRS) and ‘Feliks Skrzynecki’ (FS) from the Immigrant Chronicle, a poetry collection published in 1975 depicts the evolution of the Australian society due to factors including migration, assimilation and different perceptions. These forces of change contributed to the†¦show more content†¦The representative ‘And at last the locusts did descend†¦Mighty tree braches broke away under them, and the whole country became the brown earth, colour of a cast, hungry swarm’ (Chapter 7, pages 39-40), highlighting to the audience how the influx of colonists is a natural occurrence, just like the appearance of locusts. The fracturing of the Ibo society along with their traditions by the new customs of the Europeans is also typified in this allegory. Similarly, the emphatic â€Å"The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion†¦ He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart.† (Chapter 20, pages 124-125), conveys how the traditions of the Ibo people have been replaced by the values of the settlers; the society has been altered. The forces of change, especially colonization, disrupt and change the culture of the Ibo community through the introduction of religion, government and the ideals of colonialism. This is portrayed in the gradual decrease in proverbs as the novel progresses as well as the change in writing style; events occur chronologically in Pa rt 3 of the novel whereas the first two sections skip back and forth between events of different timeframes. Hence, change is a natural process that signals the end of conventions in society that are replaced by new values. Moreover, CRS investigates the natural process of change initiated the end of conventions